use {
    crate::{
        fmt::Formatter,
        lexer::{self, Lexer, Token, TokenKind},
        ty::{Global, Module},
        utils::Ent as _,
        Ident,
    },
    alloc::{boxed::Box, string::String, vec::Vec},
    core::{
        alloc::Layout,
        cell::{RefCell, UnsafeCell},
        fmt::{self},
        intrinsics::unlikely,
        marker::PhantomData,
        ops::Deref,
        ptr::NonNull,
        sync::atomic::AtomicUsize,
    },
};

pub type Pos = u32;
pub type IdentFlags = u32;
pub type IdentIndex = u16;
pub type LoaderError = String;
pub type Loader<'a> = &'a mut (dyn FnMut(&str, &str, FileKind) -> Result<usize, LoaderError> + 'a);

#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub enum FileKind {
    Module,
    Embed,
}

trait Trans {
    fn trans(self) -> Self;
}

impl<T> Trans for Option<Option<T>> {
    fn trans(self) -> Self {
        match self {
            Some(None) => None,
            Some(Some(v)) => Some(Some(v)),
            None => Some(None),
        }
    }
}

pub const SOURCE_TO_AST_FACTOR: usize = 7 * (core::mem::size_of::<usize>() / 4) + 1;

pub mod idfl {
    use super::*;

    macro_rules! flags {
        ($($name:ident,)*) => {
            $(pub const $name: IdentFlags = 1 << (core::mem::size_of::<IdentFlags>() * 8 - 1 - ${index(0)});)*
            pub const ALL: IdentFlags = 0 $(| $name)*;
        };
    }

    flags! {
        MUTABLE,
        REFERENCED,
        COMPTIME,
    }
}

pub fn no_loader(_: &str, _: &str, _: FileKind) -> Result<usize, LoaderError> {
    Ok(0)
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Symbol {
    pub name: Ident,
    pub flags: IdentFlags,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct ScopeIdent {
    ident: Ident,
    declared: bool,
    ordered: bool,
    used: bool,
    is_ct: bool,
    flags: IdentFlags,
}

pub struct Parser<'a, 'b> {
    path: &'b str,
    loader: Loader<'b>,
    lexer: Lexer<'a>,
    arena: &'a Arena,
    ctx: &'b mut Ctx,
    token: Token,
    ns_bound: usize,
    trailing_sep: bool,
    packed: bool,
}

impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
    pub fn parse(
        ctx: &'b mut Ctx,
        input: &'a str,
        path: &'b str,
        loader: Loader<'b>,
        arena: &'a Arena,
    ) -> &'a [Expr<'a>] {
        let mut lexer = Lexer::new(input);
        Self {
            loader,
            token: lexer.eat(),
            lexer,
            path,
            ctx,
            arena,
            ns_bound: 0,
            trailing_sep: false,
            packed: false,
        }
        .file()
    }

    fn file(&mut self) -> &'a [Expr<'a>] {
        let f = self.collect_list(TokenKind::Semi, TokenKind::Eof, |s| s.expr_low(true));

        self.pop_scope(0);

        if !self.ctx.idents.is_empty() {
            // TODO: we need error recovery
            let mut idents = core::mem::take(&mut self.ctx.idents);
            for id in idents.drain(..) {
                self.report(
                    id.ident.pos(),
                    format_args!("undeclared identifier: {}", self.lexer.slice(id.ident.range())),
                );
            }
            self.ctx.idents = idents;
        }

        f
    }

    fn next(&mut self) -> Token {
        core::mem::replace(&mut self.token, self.lexer.eat())
    }

    fn ptr_expr(&mut self) -> Option<&'a Expr<'a>> {
        Some(self.arena.alloc(self.expr()?))
    }

    fn expr_low(&mut self, top_level: bool) -> Option<Expr<'a>> {
        let left = self.unit_expr()?;
        self.bin_expr(left, 0, top_level)
    }

    fn expr(&mut self) -> Option<Expr<'a>> {
        self.expr_low(false)
    }

    fn bin_expr(&mut self, mut fold: Expr<'a>, min_prec: u8, top_level: bool) -> Option<Expr<'a>> {
        loop {
            let Some(prec) = self.token.kind.precedence() else { break };

            if prec <= min_prec {
                break;
            }

            let Token { kind: op, start: pos, .. } = self.next();

            if op == TokenKind::Decl {
                self.declare_rec(&fold, top_level);
            }

            let right = self.unit_expr()?;
            let right = self.bin_expr(right, prec, false)?;
            let right = self.arena.alloc(right);
            let left = self.arena.alloc(fold);

            if let Some(op) = op.ass_op() {
                self.flag_idents(*left, idfl::MUTABLE);
                let right = Expr::BinOp { left: self.arena.alloc(fold), pos, op, right };
                fold = Expr::BinOp {
                    left,
                    pos,
                    op: TokenKind::Assign,
                    right: self.arena.alloc(right),
                };
            } else {
                fold = Expr::BinOp { left, right, pos, op };
                if op == TokenKind::Assign {
                    self.flag_idents(*left, idfl::MUTABLE);
                }
            }
        }

        Some(fold)
    }

    fn declare_rec(&mut self, expr: &Expr, top_level: bool) {
        match *expr {
            Expr::Ident { pos, id, is_first, is_ct, .. } => {
                self.declare(pos, id, !top_level, is_first || top_level, is_ct)
            }
            Expr::Ctor { fields, .. } => {
                for CtorField { value, .. } in fields {
                    self.declare_rec(value, top_level)
                }
            }
            _ => _ = self.report(expr.pos(), "cant declare this shit (yet)"),
        }
    }

    fn declare(&mut self, pos: Pos, id: Ident, ordered: bool, valid_order: bool, is_ct: bool) {
        if !valid_order {
            self.report(
                pos,
                format_args!(
                    "out of order declaration not allowed: {}",
                    self.lexer.slice(id.range())
                ),
            );
        }

        let Ok(index) = self.ctx.idents.binary_search_by_key(&id, |s| s.ident) else {
            self.report(pos, "the identifier is rezerved for a builtin (proably)");
            return;
        };
        if core::mem::replace(&mut self.ctx.idents[index].declared, true) {
            self.report(
                pos,
                format_args!("redeclaration of identifier: {}", self.lexer.slice(id.range())),
            );
            return;
        }
        self.ctx.idents[index].is_ct = is_ct;
        self.ctx.idents[index].ordered = ordered;
    }

    fn resolve_ident(&mut self, token: Token) -> (Ident, bool) {
        let is_ct = token.kind == TokenKind::CtIdent;
        let name = self.lexer.slice(token.range());

        if let Some(builtin) = crate::ty::from_str(name) {
            return (Ident::builtin(builtin), false);
        }

        let (i, id, bl) = match self
            .ctx
            .idents
            .iter_mut()
            .enumerate()
            .rfind(|(_, elem)| self.lexer.slice(elem.ident.range()) == name)
        {
            Some((i, elem)) => {
                elem.used = true;
                (i, elem, false)
            }
            None => {
                let ident = match Ident::new(token.start, name.len() as _) {
                    None => {
                        self.report(token.start, "identifier can at most have 64 characters");
                        Ident::new(token.start, 63).unwrap()
                    }
                    Some(id) => id,
                };

                self.ctx.idents.push(ScopeIdent {
                    ident,
                    declared: false,
                    used: false,
                    ordered: false,
                    is_ct: false,
                    flags: 0,
                });
                (self.ctx.idents.len() - 1, self.ctx.idents.last_mut().unwrap(), true)
            }
        };

        id.flags |= idfl::COMPTIME * is_ct as u32;
        if id.declared && id.ordered && self.ns_bound > i {
            id.flags |= idfl::COMPTIME;
            self.ctx.captured.push(CapturedIdent { id: id.ident, is_ct: id.is_ct });
        }

        (id.ident, bl)
    }

    fn tok_str(&mut self, range: Token) -> &'a str {
        self.lexer.slice(range.range())
    }

    fn unit_expr(&mut self) -> Option<Expr<'a>> {
        self.unit_expr_low(true)
    }

    fn unit_expr_low(&mut self, eat_tail: bool) -> Option<Expr<'a>> {
        use {Expr as E, TokenKind as T};

        if matches!(
            self.token.kind,
            T::RParen | T::RBrace | T::RBrack | T::Comma | T::Semi | T::Else
        ) {
            self.report(self.token.start, "expected expression")?;
        }

        let frame = self.ctx.idents.len();
        let token @ Token { start: pos, .. } = self.next();
        let prev_boundary = self.ns_bound;
        let prev_captured = self.ctx.captured.len();
        let mut must_trail = false;
        let mut expr = match token.kind {
            T::Ct => E::Ct { pos, value: self.ptr_expr()? },
            T::Defer => E::Defer { pos, value: self.ptr_expr()? },
            T::Slf => E::Slf { pos },
            T::Directive if self.lexer.slice(token.range()) == "use" => {
                self.expect_advance(TokenKind::LParen)?;
                let str = self.expect_advance(TokenKind::DQuote)?;
                self.expect_advance(TokenKind::RParen)?;
                let path = self.lexer.slice(str.range());
                let path = &path[1..path.len() - 1];

                E::Mod {
                    pos,
                    path,
                    id: match (self.loader)(path, self.path, FileKind::Module) {
                        Ok(id) => Module::new(id),
                        Err(e) => {
                            self.report(str.start, format_args!("error loading dependency: {e:#}"))?
                        }
                    },
                }
            }
            T::Directive if self.lexer.slice(token.range()) == "embed" => {
                self.expect_advance(TokenKind::LParen)?;
                let str = self.expect_advance(TokenKind::DQuote)?;
                self.expect_advance(TokenKind::RParen)?;
                let path = self.lexer.slice(str.range());
                let path = &path[1..path.len() - 1];

                E::Embed {
                    pos,
                    path,
                    id: match (self.loader)(path, self.path, FileKind::Embed) {
                        Ok(id) => Global::new(id),
                        Err(e) => self.report(
                            str.start,
                            format_args!("error loading embedded file: {e:#}"),
                        )?,
                    },
                }
            }
            T::Directive => E::Directive {
                pos: pos - 1, // need to undo the directive shift
                name: self.tok_str(token),
                args: {
                    self.expect_advance(T::LParen)?;
                    self.collect_list(T::Comma, T::RParen, Self::expr)
                },
            },
            T::True => E::Bool { pos, value: true },
            T::False => E::Bool { pos, value: false },
            T::Null => E::Null { pos },
            T::Idk => E::Idk { pos },
            T::Die => E::Die { pos },
            T::DQuote => E::String { pos, literal: self.tok_str(token) },
            T::Quote => E::Char { pos, literal: self.tok_str(token) },
            T::Packed => {
                self.packed = true;
                let expr = self.unit_expr()?;
                if self.packed {
                    self.report(
                        expr.pos(),
                        "this can not be packed \
                        (unlike your mom that gets packed every day by me)",
                    );
                }
                expr
            }
            T::Struct => E::Struct {
                pos,
                packed: core::mem::take(&mut self.packed),
                fields: self.collect_fields(&mut must_trail, |s| {
                    if s.lexer.taste().kind != T::Colon {
                        return Some(None);
                    }
                    let name = s.expect_advance(T::Ident)?;
                    s.expect_advance(T::Colon)?;
                    let (ty, default_value) = match s.expr()? {
                        Expr::BinOp { left, op: T::Assign, right, .. } => (*left, Some(*right)),
                        ty => (ty, None),
                    };
                    Some(Some(StructField {
                        pos: name.start,
                        name: s.tok_str(name),
                        ty,
                        default_value,
                    }))
                })?,
                captured: self.collect_captures(prev_boundary, prev_captured),
                trailing_comma: core::mem::take(&mut self.trailing_sep) || must_trail,
            },
            T::Union => E::Union {
                pos,
                fields: self.collect_fields(&mut must_trail, |s| {
                    if s.lexer.taste().kind != T::Colon {
                        return Some(None);
                    }
                    let name = s.expect_advance(T::Ident)?;
                    s.expect_advance(T::Colon)?;
                    Some(Some(UnionField { pos: name.start, name: s.tok_str(name), ty: s.expr()? }))
                })?,
                captured: self.collect_captures(prev_boundary, prev_captured),
                trailing_comma: core::mem::take(&mut self.trailing_sep) || must_trail,
            },
            T::Enum => E::Enum {
                pos,
                variants: self.collect_fields(&mut must_trail, |s| {
                    if !matches!(s.lexer.taste().kind, T::Comma | T::RBrace) {
                        return Some(None);
                    }

                    let name = s.expect_advance(T::Ident)?;
                    Some(Some(EnumField { pos: name.start, name: s.tok_str(name) }))
                })?,
                captured: self.collect_captures(prev_boundary, prev_captured),
                trailing_comma: core::mem::take(&mut self.trailing_sep) || must_trail,
            },
            T::Ident | T::CtIdent => {
                let (id, is_first) = self.resolve_ident(token);
                E::Ident {
                    pos: pos - (token.kind == T::CtIdent) as Pos,
                    is_ct: token.kind == T::CtIdent,
                    id,
                    is_first,
                }
            }
            T::Under => E::Wildcard { pos },
            T::If => E::If {
                pos,
                cond: self.ptr_expr()?,
                then: self.ptr_expr()?,
                else_: self.advance_if(T::Else).then(|| self.ptr_expr()).trans()?,
            },
            T::Match => E::Match {
                pos,
                value: self.ptr_expr()?,
                branches: {
                    self.expect_advance(T::LBrace)?;
                    self.collect_list(T::Comma, T::RBrace, |s| {
                        Some(MatchBranch {
                            pat: s.expr()?,
                            pos: s.expect_advance(T::TArrow)?.start,
                            body: s.expr()?,
                        })
                    })
                },
            },
            T::Loop => E::Loop { pos, unrolled: false, body: self.ptr_expr()? },
            T::CtLoop => E::Loop { pos, unrolled: true, body: self.ptr_expr()? },
            T::Break => E::Break { pos },
            T::Continue => E::Continue { pos },
            T::Return => E::Return {
                pos,
                val: (!matches!(
                    self.token.kind,
                    T::Semi | T::RBrace | T::RBrack | T::RParen | T::Comma
                ))
                .then(|| self.ptr_expr())
                .trans()?,
            },
            T::Fn => E::Closure {
                pos,
                args: {
                    self.expect_advance(T::LParen)?;
                    self.collect_list(T::Comma, T::RParen, |s| {
                        let name = s.advance_ident()?;
                        let (id, _) = s.resolve_ident(name);
                        s.declare(name.start, id, true, true, name.kind == T::CtIdent);
                        s.expect_advance(T::Colon)?;
                        Some(Arg {
                            pos: name.start,
                            name: s.tok_str(name),
                            is_ct: name.kind == T::CtIdent,
                            id,
                            ty: s.expr()?,
                        })
                    })
                },
                ret: {
                    self.expect_advance(T::Colon)?;
                    self.ptr_expr()?
                },
                body: self.ptr_expr()?,
            },
            T::Ctor => self.ctor(pos, None),
            T::Tupl => self.tupl(pos, None, ListKind::Tuple),
            T::Arr => self.tupl(pos, None, ListKind::Array),
            T::LBrack => E::Slice {
                size: {
                    if self.advance_if(T::RBrack) {
                        None
                    } else {
                        let adv = self.ptr_expr()?;
                        self.expect_advance(T::RBrack)?;
                        Some(adv)
                    }
                },
                item: self.arena.alloc(self.unit_expr_low(false)?),
                pos,
            },
            T::Band | T::Mul | T::Xor | T::Sub | T::Que | T::Not | T::Dot => E::UnOp {
                pos,
                op: token.kind,
                val: {
                    let prev_ident_stack = self.ctx.idents.len();
                    let expr = self.ptr_unit_expr()?;
                    if token.kind == T::Band {
                        self.flag_idents(*expr, idfl::REFERENCED);
                    }
                    if token.kind == T::Dot {
                        self.ctx.idents.truncate(prev_ident_stack);
                    }
                    expr
                },
            },
            T::LBrace => E::Block { pos, stmts: self.collect_list(T::Semi, T::RBrace, Self::expr) },
            T::Number => {
                let slice = self.lexer.slice(token.range());
                let (slice, radix) = match &slice.get(0..2) {
                    Some("0x") => (&slice[2..], Radix::Hex),
                    Some("0b") => (&slice[2..], Radix::Binary),
                    Some("0o") => (&slice[2..], Radix::Octal),
                    _ => (slice, Radix::Decimal),
                };
                E::Number {
                    pos,
                    value: match u64::from_str_radix(slice, radix as u32) {
                        Ok(value) => value,
                        Err(e) => self.report(token.start, format_args!("invalid number: {e}"))?,
                    } as i64,
                    radix,
                }
            }
            T::Float => E::Float {
                pos,
                value: match <f64 as core::str::FromStr>::from_str(self.lexer.slice(token.range()))
                {
                    Ok(f) => f.to_bits(),
                    Err(e) => self.report(token.start, format_args!("invalid float: {e}"))?,
                },
            },
            T::LParen => {
                let expr = self.expr()?;
                self.expect_advance(T::RParen)?;
                expr
            }
            T::Comment => Expr::Comment { pos, literal: self.tok_str(token) },
            tok => self.report(token.start, format_args!("unexpected token: {tok}"))?,
        };

        if eat_tail {
            loop {
                let token = self.token;
                if matches!(
                    token.kind,
                    T::LParen | T::Ctor | T::Dot | T::Tupl | T::Arr | T::LBrack | T::Colon
                ) {
                    self.next();
                }

                expr = match token.kind {
                    T::LParen => Expr::Call {
                        func: self.arena.alloc(expr),
                        args: self.collect_list(T::Comma, T::RParen, Self::expr),
                        trailing_comma: core::mem::take(&mut self.trailing_sep),
                    },
                    T::Ctor => self.ctor(token.start, Some(expr)),
                    T::Tupl => self.tupl(token.start, Some(expr), ListKind::Tuple),
                    T::Arr => self.tupl(token.start, Some(expr), ListKind::Array),
                    T::LBrack => E::Index {
                        base: self.arena.alloc(expr),
                        index: {
                            let index = self.expr()?;
                            self.expect_advance(T::RBrack)?;
                            self.arena.alloc(index)
                        },
                    },
                    T::Colon => E::BinOp {
                        left: {
                            self.declare_rec(&expr, false);
                            self.arena.alloc(expr)
                        },
                        pos,
                        op: T::Colon,
                        right: self.ptr_expr()?,
                    },
                    T::Dot => E::Field {
                        target: self.arena.alloc(expr),
                        pos: token.start,
                        name: {
                            let token = self.expect_advance(T::Ident)?;
                            self.tok_str(token)
                        },
                    },
                    _ => break,
                }
            }
        }

        if matches!(token.kind, T::Loop | T::LBrace | T::Fn | T::Struct) {
            self.pop_scope(frame);
        }

        Some(expr)
    }

    fn tupl(&mut self, pos: Pos, ty: Option<Expr<'a>>, kind: ListKind) -> Expr<'a> {
        Expr::List {
            pos,
            kind,
            ty: ty.map(|ty| self.arena.alloc(ty)),
            fields: self.collect_list(TokenKind::Comma, kind.term(), Self::expr),
            trailing_comma: core::mem::take(&mut self.trailing_sep),
        }
    }

    fn ctor(&mut self, pos: Pos, ty: Option<Expr<'a>>) -> Expr<'a> {
        Expr::Ctor {
            pos,
            ty: ty.map(|ty| self.arena.alloc(ty)),
            fields: self.collect_list(TokenKind::Comma, TokenKind::RBrace, |s| {
                let name_tok = s.advance_ident()?;
                let name = s.tok_str(name_tok);
                Some(CtorField {
                    pos: name_tok.start,
                    name,
                    value: if s.advance_if(TokenKind::Colon) {
                        s.expr()?
                    } else {
                        let (id, is_first) = s.resolve_ident(name_tok);
                        Expr::Ident { pos: name_tok.start, is_ct: false, id, is_first }
                    },
                })
            }),
            trailing_comma: core::mem::take(&mut self.trailing_sep),
        }
    }

    fn collect_fields<T: Copy>(
        &mut self,
        must_trail: &mut bool,
        mut parse_field: impl FnMut(&mut Self) -> Option<Option<T>>,
    ) -> Option<FieldList<'a, T>> {
        use TokenKind as T;
        self.ns_bound = self.ctx.idents.len();
        self.expect_advance(T::LBrace)?;
        Some(self.collect_list(T::Comma, T::RBrace, |s| {
            let tok = s.token;
            Some(if s.advance_if(T::Comment) {
                CommentOr::Comment { literal: s.tok_str(tok), pos: tok.start }
            } else if let Some(field) = parse_field(s)? {
                CommentOr::Or(Ok(field))
            } else {
                *must_trail = true;
                CommentOr::Or(Err(
                    s.collect_list_low(T::Semi, T::RBrace, true, |s| s.expr_low(true))
                ))
            })
        }))
    }

    fn collect_captures(
        &mut self,
        prev_captured: usize,
        prev_boundary: usize,
    ) -> &'a [CapturedIdent] {
        self.ns_bound = prev_boundary;
        let captured = &mut self.ctx.captured[prev_captured..];
        crate::quad_sort(captured, core::cmp::Ord::cmp);
        let preserved = captured.partition_dedup().0.len();
        self.ctx.captured.truncate(prev_captured + preserved);
        let slc = self.arena.alloc_slice(&self.ctx.captured[prev_captured..]);

        if self.ns_bound == 0 {
            // we might save some memory
            self.ctx.captured.clear();
        }

        slc
    }

    fn advance_ident(&mut self) -> Option<Token> {
        let next = self.next();
        if matches!(next.kind, TokenKind::Ident | TokenKind::CtIdent) {
            Some(next)
        } else {
            self.report(self.token.start, format_args!("expected identifier, found {}", next.kind))?
        }
    }

    fn pop_scope(&mut self, frame: usize) {
        let mut undeclared_count = frame;
        for i in frame..self.ctx.idents.len() {
            if !&self.ctx.idents[i].declared {
                self.ctx.idents.swap(i, undeclared_count);
                undeclared_count += 1;
            } else if !self.ctx.idents[i].used {
                self.warn(self.ctx.idents[i].ident.pos(), "unused identifier");
            }
        }

        self.ctx
            .idents
            .drain(undeclared_count..)
            .map(|ident| Symbol { name: ident.ident, flags: ident.flags })
            .collect_into(&mut self.ctx.symbols);
    }

    fn ptr_unit_expr(&mut self) -> Option<&'a Expr<'a>> {
        Some(self.arena.alloc(self.unit_expr()?))
    }

    fn collect_list<T: Copy>(
        &mut self,
        delim: TokenKind,
        end: TokenKind,
        f: impl FnMut(&mut Self) -> Option<T>,
    ) -> &'a [T] {
        self.collect_list_low(delim, end, false, f)
    }

    fn collect_list_low<T: Copy>(
        &mut self,
        delim: TokenKind,
        end: TokenKind,
        keep_end: bool,
        mut f: impl FnMut(&mut Self) -> Option<T>,
    ) -> &'a [T] {
        let mut trailing_sep = false;
        let mut view = self.ctx.stack.view();
        'o: while (keep_end && self.token.kind != end) || (!keep_end && !self.advance_if(end)) {
            let val = match f(self) {
                Some(val) => val,
                None => {
                    let mut paren = None::<TokenKind>;
                    let mut depth = 0;
                    loop {
                        let tok = self.next();
                        if tok.kind == TokenKind::Eof {
                            break 'o;
                        }
                        if let Some(par) = paren {
                            if par == tok.kind {
                                depth += 1;
                            } else if tok.kind.closing() == par.closing() {
                                depth -= 1;
                                if depth == 0 {
                                    paren = None;
                                }
                            }
                        } else if tok.kind == delim {
                            continue 'o;
                        } else if tok.kind == end {
                            break 'o;
                        } else if tok.kind.closing().is_some() && paren.is_none() {
                            paren = Some(tok.kind);
                            depth = 1;
                        }
                    }
                }
            };
            trailing_sep = self.advance_if(delim);
            unsafe { self.ctx.stack.push(&mut view, val) };
        }
        self.trailing_sep = trailing_sep;
        self.arena.alloc_slice(unsafe { self.ctx.stack.finalize(view) })
    }

    fn advance_if(&mut self, kind: TokenKind) -> bool {
        if self.token.kind == kind {
            self.next();
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    #[must_use]
    fn expect_advance(&mut self, kind: TokenKind) -> Option<Token> {
        let next = self.next();
        if next.kind != kind {
            self.report(next.start, format_args!("expected {}, found {}", kind, next.kind))?
        } else {
            Some(next)
        }
    }

    #[track_caller]
    fn warn(&mut self, pos: Pos, msg: impl fmt::Display) {
        if log::log_enabled!(log::Level::Error) {
            use core::fmt::Write;
            writeln!(
                self.ctx.warnings.get_mut(),
                "(W) {}",
                Report::new(self.lexer.source(), self.path, pos, msg)
            )
            .unwrap();
        }
    }

    #[track_caller]
    fn report(&mut self, pos: Pos, msg: impl fmt::Display) -> Option<!> {
        if log::log_enabled!(log::Level::Error) {
            use core::fmt::Write;
            writeln!(
                self.ctx.errors.get_mut(),
                "{}",
                Report::new(self.lexer.source(), self.path, pos, msg)
            )
            .unwrap();
        }
        None
    }

    fn flag_idents(&mut self, e: Expr<'a>, flags: IdentFlags) {
        match e {
            Expr::Ident { id, .. } => {
                if let Some(f) = find_ident(&mut self.ctx.idents, id) {
                    f.flags |= flags;
                }
            }
            Expr::Field { target, .. } => self.flag_idents(*target, flags),
            _ => {}
        }
    }
}

fn find_ident(idents: &mut [ScopeIdent], id: Ident) -> Option<&mut ScopeIdent> {
    idents.binary_search_by_key(&id, |si| si.ident).map(|i| &mut idents[i]).ok()
}

pub fn find_symbol(symbols: &[Symbol], id: Ident) -> &Symbol {
    // TODO: we can turn this to direct index
    symbols.binary_search_by_key(&id, |s| s.name).map(|i| &symbols[i]).unwrap()
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct Arg<'a> {
    pub pos: u32,
    pub name: &'a str,
    pub id: Ident,
    pub is_ct: bool,
    pub ty: Expr<'a>,
}

impl Poser for Arg<'_> {
    fn posi(&self) -> Pos {
        self.pos
    }
}

macro_rules! generate_expr {
    ($(#[$meta:meta])* $vis:vis enum $name:ident<$lt:lifetime> {$(
        $(#[$field_meta:meta])*
        $variant:ident {

            $($field:ident: $ty:ty,)*
        },
    )*}) => {
        $(#[$meta])*
        $vis enum $name<$lt> {$(
            $(#[$field_meta])*
            $variant {
                $($field: $ty,)*
            },
        )*}

        impl<$lt> $name<$lt> {
            pub fn used_bytes(&self) -> usize {
                match self {
                    $(Self::$variant { $($field),* } => {
                        0 $(.max($field as *const _ as usize - self as *const _ as usize
                            + core::mem::size_of::<$ty>()))*
                    })*
                }
            }

            pub fn pos(&self) -> Pos {
                #[expect(unused_variables)]
                match self {
                    $(Self::$variant { $($field),* } => generate_expr!(@first $(($field),)*).posi(),)*
                }
            }
        }
    };

    (@filed_names $variant:ident $ident1:ident) => { Self::$variant { $ident1: a } };

    (@first ($($first:tt)*), $($rest:tt)*) => { $($first)* };
    (@last ($($ign:tt)*), $($rest:tt)*) => { $($rest)* };
    (@last ($($last:tt)*),) => { $($last)* };
}

#[repr(u8)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum Radix {
    Hex = 16,
    Octal = 8,
    Binary = 2,
    Decimal = 10,
}

pub type FieldList<'a, T> = &'a [CommentOr<'a, Result<T, &'a [Expr<'a>]>>];

generate_expr! {
    /// `LIST(start, sep, end, elem) => start { elem sep } [elem] end`
    /// `OP := grep for `#define OP:`
    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
    pub enum Expr<'a> {
        /// `'ct' Expr`
        Ct {
            pos: Pos,
            value: &'a Self,
        },
        /// `'defer' Expr`
        Defer {
            pos: Pos,
            value: &'a Self,
        },
        /// `'Self'`
        Slf {
            pos: Pos,
        },
        /// `'"([^"]|\\")"'`
        String {
            pos: Pos,
            literal: &'a str,
        },
        /// `'\'([^']|\\\')\''`
        Char {
            pos: Pos,
            literal: &'a str,
        },
        /// `'//[^\n]' | '/*' { '([^/*]|*/)*' | Comment } '*/'
        Comment {
            pos: Pos,
            literal: &'a str,
        },
        /// `'break'`
        Break {
            pos: Pos,
        },
        /// `'continue'`
        Continue {
            pos: Pos,
        },
        /// `'fn' LIST('(', ',', ')', Ident ':' Expr) ':' Expr Expr`
        Closure {
            pos:  Pos,
            args: &'a [Arg<'a>],
            ret:  &'a Self,
            body: &'a Self,
        },
        /// `Expr LIST('(', ',', ')', Expr)`
        Call {
            func: &'a Self,
            args: &'a [Self],
            trailing_comma: bool,
        },
        /// `'return' [Expr]`
        Return {
            pos: Pos,
            val: Option<&'a Self>,
        },
        Wildcard {
            pos: Pos,
        },
        /// note: ':unicode:' is any utf-8 character except ascii
        /// `'[a-zA-Z_:unicode:][a-zA-Z0-9_:unicode:]*'`
        Ident {
            pos: Pos,
            is_ct: bool,
            is_first: bool,
            id: Ident,
            //name: &'a str,
        },
        /// `LIST('{', [';'], '}', Expr)`
        Block {
            pos:   Pos,
            stmts: &'a [Self],
        },
        /// `'0b[01]+' | '0o[0-7]+' | '[0-9]+' | '0b[01]+'`
        Number {
            pos:   Pos,
            value: i64,
            radix: Radix,
        },
        /// `'[0-9]+.[0-9]*'`
        Float {
            pos:   Pos,
            value: u64,
        },
        /// node: precedence defined in `OP` applies
        /// `Expr OP Expr`
        BinOp {
            left:  &'a Self,
            pos: Pos,
            op:    TokenKind,
            right: &'a Self,
        },
        /// `'if' Expr Expr [else Expr]`
        If {
            pos:   Pos,
            cond:  &'a Self,
            then:  &'a Self,
            else_: Option<&'a Self>,
        },
        Match {
            pos: Pos,
            value: &'a Self,
            branches: &'a [MatchBranch<'a>],
        },
        /// `'loop' Expr`
        Loop {
            pos:  Pos,
            unrolled: bool,
            body: &'a Self,
        },
        /// `('&' | '*' | '^') Expr`
        UnOp {
            pos: Pos,
            op:  TokenKind,
            val: &'a Self,
        },
        /// `'struct' LIST('{', ',', '}', Ident ':' Expr)`
        Struct {
            pos:      Pos,
            fields:   FieldList<'a, StructField<'a>>,
            captured: &'a [CapturedIdent],
            trailing_comma: bool,
            packed: bool,
        },
        /// `'union' LIST('{', ',', '}', Ident ':' Expr)`
        Union {
            pos:      Pos,
            fields:   FieldList<'a, UnionField<'a>>,
            captured: &'a [CapturedIdent],
            trailing_comma: bool,
        },
        /// `'enum' LIST('{', ',', '}', Ident)`
        Enum {
            pos:      Pos,
            variants:   FieldList<'a, EnumField<'a>>,
            captured: &'a [CapturedIdent],
            trailing_comma: bool,
        },
        /// `[Expr] LIST('.{', ',', '}', Ident [':' Expr])`
        Ctor {
            pos:    Pos,
            ty:     Option<&'a Self>,
            fields: &'a [CtorField<'a>],
            trailing_comma: bool,
        },
        /// `[Expr] LIST('.(', ',', ')', Ident [':' Expr])`
        List {
            pos:    Pos,
            kind:   ListKind,
            ty:     Option<&'a Self>,
            fields: &'a [Self],
            trailing_comma: bool,
        },
        /// `'[' Expr [';' Expr] ']'`
        Slice {
            pos: Pos,
            size: Option<&'a Self>,
            item: &'a Self,
        },
        /// `Expr '[' Expr ']'`
        Index {
            base: &'a Self,
            index: &'a Self,
        },
        /// `Expr '.' Ident`
        Field {
            target: &'a Self,
            // we put it second place because its the pos of '.'
            pos: Pos,
            name:  &'a str,
        },
        /// `'true' | 'false'`
        Bool {
            pos:   Pos,
            value: bool,
        },
        /// `'null'`
        Null {
            pos: Pos,
        },
        /// `'idk'`
        Idk {
            pos: Pos,
        },
        /// `'die'`
        Die {
            pos: Pos,
        },
        /// `'@' Ident List('(', ',', ')', Expr)`
        Directive {
            pos:  Pos,
            name: &'a str,
            args: &'a [Self],
        },
        /// `'@use' '(' String ')'`
        Mod {
            pos:  Pos,
            id:   Module,
            path: &'a str,
        },
        /// `'@use' '(' String ')'`
        Embed {
            pos:  Pos,
            id:   Global,
            path: &'a str,
        },
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, PartialOrd, Ord)]
pub struct CapturedIdent {
    pub id: Ident,
    pub is_ct: bool,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ListKind {
    Tuple,
    Array,
}
impl ListKind {
    fn term(self) -> TokenKind {
        match self {
            ListKind::Tuple => TokenKind::RParen,
            ListKind::Array => TokenKind::RBrack,
        }
    }
}

impl Expr<'_> {
    pub fn declares(&self, iden: DeclId, source: &str) -> Option<Ident> {
        match *self {
            Self::Ident { id, .. }
                if iden == DeclId::Ident(id) || iden == DeclId::Name(&source[id.range()]) =>
            {
                Some(id)
            }
            Self::Ctor { fields, .. } => fields.iter().find_map(|f| f.value.declares(iden, source)),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    pub fn has_ct(&self, symbols: &[Symbol]) -> bool {
        match *self {
            Self::Ident { id, .. } => find_symbol(symbols, id).flags & idfl::COMPTIME != 0,
            Self::Ctor { fields, .. } => fields.iter().any(|f| f.value.has_ct(symbols)),
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    pub fn find_pattern_path<T, F: FnOnce(&Expr, bool) -> T>(
        &self,
        ident: Ident,
        target: &Expr,
        mut with_final: F,
    ) -> Result<T, F> {
        match *self {
            Self::Ident { id, is_ct, .. } if id == ident => Ok(with_final(target, is_ct)),
            Self::Ctor { fields, .. } => {
                for &CtorField { name, value, pos } in fields {
                    match value.find_pattern_path(
                        ident,
                        &Expr::Field { pos, target, name },
                        with_final,
                    ) {
                        Ok(value) => return Ok(value),
                        Err(e) => with_final = e,
                    }
                }
                Err(with_final)
            }
            _ => Err(with_final),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub struct MatchBranch<'a> {
    pub pat: Expr<'a>,
    pub pos: Pos,
    pub body: Expr<'a>,
}

impl Poser for MatchBranch<'_> {
    fn posi(&self) -> Pos {
        self.pat.pos()
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub struct EnumField<'a> {
    pub pos: Pos,
    pub name: &'a str,
}

impl Poser for EnumField<'_> {
    fn posi(&self) -> Pos {
        self.pos
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub struct UnionField<'a> {
    pub pos: Pos,
    pub name: &'a str,
    pub ty: Expr<'a>,
}

impl Poser for UnionField<'_> {
    fn posi(&self) -> Pos {
        self.pos
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub struct StructField<'a> {
    pub pos: Pos,
    pub name: &'a str,
    pub ty: Expr<'a>,
    pub default_value: Option<Expr<'a>>,
}

impl Poser for StructField<'_> {
    fn posi(&self) -> Pos {
        self.pos
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct CtorField<'a> {
    pub pos: Pos,
    pub name: &'a str,
    pub value: Expr<'a>,
}

impl Poser for CtorField<'_> {
    fn posi(&self) -> Pos {
        self.pos
    }
}

pub trait Poser {
    fn posi(&self) -> Pos;
}

impl<O: Poser, E: Poser> Poser for Result<O, E> {
    fn posi(&self) -> Pos {
        self.as_ref().map_or_else(Poser::posi, Poser::posi)
    }
}

impl<T: Poser> Poser for &[T] {
    fn posi(&self) -> Pos {
        self[0].posi()
    }
}

impl Poser for Pos {
    fn posi(&self) -> Pos {
        *self
    }
}

impl Poser for Expr<'_> {
    fn posi(&self) -> Pos {
        self.pos()
    }
}

impl<T: Poser> Poser for CommentOr<'_, T> {
    fn posi(&self) -> Pos {
        match self {
            CommentOr::Or(expr) => expr.posi(),
            CommentOr::Comment { pos, .. } => *pos,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub enum CommentOr<'a, T> {
    Or(T),
    Comment { literal: &'a str, pos: Pos },
}

impl<T> CommentOr<'_, T> {
    pub fn or(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        match self {
            CommentOr::Or(v) => Some(v),
            CommentOr::Comment { .. } => None,
        }
    }
}

pub struct Display<'a> {
    source: &'a str,
    expr: &'a Expr<'a>,
}

impl<'a> Display<'a> {
    pub fn new(source: &'a str, expr: &'a Expr<'a>) -> Self {
        Self { source, expr }
    }
}

impl core::fmt::Display for Display<'_> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        Formatter::new(self.source).fmt(self.expr, f)
    }
}

#[derive(Default)]
pub struct Ctx {
    pub errors: RefCell<String>,
    pub warnings: RefCell<String>,
    symbols: Vec<Symbol>,
    stack: StackAlloc,
    idents: Vec<ScopeIdent>,
    captured: Vec<CapturedIdent>,
}

impl Ctx {
    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
        self.errors.get_mut().clear();

        debug_assert_eq!(self.symbols.len(), 0);
        debug_assert_eq!(self.stack.len, 0);
        debug_assert_eq!(self.idents.len(), 0);
        debug_assert_eq!(self.captured.len(), 0);
    }
}

#[repr(C)]
pub struct AstInner<T: ?Sized> {
    ref_count: AtomicUsize,
    pub mem: ArenaChunk,
    exprs: *const [Expr<'static>],

    pub path: Box<str>,
    pub file: Box<str>,
    pub symbols: T,
}

impl AstInner<[Symbol]> {
    fn layout(syms: usize) -> core::alloc::Layout {
        core::alloc::Layout::new::<AstInner<()>>()
            .extend(core::alloc::Layout::array::<Symbol>(syms).unwrap())
            .unwrap()
            .0
    }

    fn new(file: Box<str>, path: Box<str>, ctx: &mut Ctx, loader: Loader) -> NonNull<Self> {
        let arena = Arena::with_capacity(
            SOURCE_TO_AST_FACTOR * file.bytes().filter(|b| !b.is_ascii_whitespace()).count(),
        );
        let exprs =
            unsafe { core::mem::transmute(Parser::parse(ctx, &file, &path, loader, &arena)) };

        crate::quad_sort(&mut ctx.symbols, |a, b| a.name.cmp(&b.name));

        let layout = Self::layout(ctx.symbols.len());

        unsafe {
            let ptr = alloc::alloc::alloc(layout);
            let inner: *mut Self = core::ptr::from_raw_parts_mut(ptr as *mut _, ctx.symbols.len());

            core::ptr::write(inner as *mut AstInner<()>, AstInner {
                ref_count: AtomicUsize::new(1),
                mem: arena.chunk.into_inner(),
                exprs,
                path,
                file,
                symbols: (),
            });
            core::ptr::addr_of_mut!((*inner).symbols)
                .as_mut_ptr()
                .copy_from_nonoverlapping(ctx.symbols.as_ptr(), ctx.symbols.len());
            ctx.symbols.clear();

            NonNull::new_unchecked(inner)
        }
    }

    pub fn report<D>(&self, pos: Pos, msg: D) -> Report<D> {
        Report::new(&self.file, &self.path, pos, msg)
    }
}

pub struct Report<'a, D> {
    file: &'a str,
    path: &'a str,
    pos: Pos,
    msg: D,
}

impl<'a, D> Report<'a, D> {
    pub fn new(file: &'a str, path: &'a str, pos: Pos, msg: D) -> Self {
        Self { file, path, pos, msg }
    }
}

impl<D: core::fmt::Display> core::fmt::Display for Report<'_, D> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        report_to(self.file, self.path, self.pos, &self.msg, f);
        Ok(())
    }
}

fn report_to(file: &str, path: &str, pos: Pos, msg: &dyn fmt::Display, out: &mut impl fmt::Write) {
    let (line, mut col) = lexer::line_col(file.as_bytes(), pos);
    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
    let disp = crate::fs::display_rel_path(path);
    #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
    let disp = path;
    _ = writeln!(out, "{}:{}:{}: {}", disp, line, col, msg);

    let line = &file[file[..pos as usize].rfind('\n').map_or(0, |i| i + 1)
        ..file[pos as usize..].find('\n').map_or(file.len(), |i| i + pos as usize)];
    col += line.chars().take_while(|c| c.is_whitespace()).filter(|&c| c == '\t').count() * 3;

    let mut has_non_whitespace = false;
    for char in line.chars() {
        if char == '\t' && !has_non_whitespace {
            _ = out.write_str("    ");
        } else {
            _ = out.write_char(char);
        }
        has_non_whitespace |= !char.is_whitespace();
    }
    _ = out.write_char('\n');
    for _ in 0..col - 1 {
        _ = out.write_str(" ");
    }
    _ = out.write_str("^\n");
}

#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct Ast(NonNull<AstInner<[Symbol]>>);

impl Ast {
    pub fn new(
        path: impl Into<Box<str>>,
        content: impl Into<Box<str>>,
        ctx: &mut Ctx,
        loader: Loader,
    ) -> Self {
        Self(AstInner::new(content.into(), path.into(), ctx, loader))
    }

    pub fn exprs(&self) -> &[Expr] {
        unsafe { &*self.inner().exprs }
    }

    fn inner(&self) -> &AstInner<[Symbol]> {
        unsafe { self.0.as_ref() }
    }

    pub fn find_decl(&self, id: DeclId) -> Option<(&Expr, Ident)> {
        find_decl(self.exprs(), &self.file, id)
    }

    pub fn ident_str(&self, ident: Ident) -> &str {
        &self.file[ident.range()]
    }
}

pub fn find_decl<'a>(
    exprs: &'a [Expr<'a>],
    file: &str,
    id: DeclId,
) -> Option<(&'a Expr<'a>, Ident)> {
    exprs.iter().find_map(|expr| match expr {
        Expr::BinOp { left, op: TokenKind::Decl | TokenKind::Colon, .. } => {
            left.declares(id, file).map(|id| (expr, id))
        }
        _ => None,
    })
}

#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
pub enum DeclId<'a> {
    Ident(Ident),
    Name(&'a str),
}

impl From<Ident> for DeclId<'_> {
    fn from(value: Ident) -> Self {
        Self::Ident(value)
    }
}

impl<'a> From<&'a str> for DeclId<'a> {
    fn from(value: &'a str) -> Self {
        Self::Name(value)
    }
}

impl Default for Ast {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self(AstInner::new("".into(), "".into(), &mut Ctx::default(), &mut no_loader))
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
#[repr(packed)]
pub struct ExprRef(NonNull<Expr<'static>>);

impl ExprRef {
    pub fn new(expr: &Expr) -> Self {
        Self(NonNull::from(expr).cast())
    }

    pub fn get<'a>(&self, from: &'a Ast) -> &'a Expr<'a> {
        assert!(from.mem.contains(self.0.as_ptr() as _));
        // SAFETY: the pointer is or was a valid reference in the past, if it points within one of
        // arenas regions, it muts be walid, since arena does not give invalid pointers to its
        // allocations
        unsafe { { self.0 }.as_ref() }
    }

    pub fn dangling() -> Self {
        Self(NonNull::dangling())
    }
}

impl Default for ExprRef {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::dangling()
    }
}

unsafe impl Send for Ast {}
unsafe impl Sync for Ast {}

impl Clone for Ast {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        unsafe { self.0.as_ref() }.ref_count.fetch_add(1, core::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
        Self(self.0)
    }
}

impl Drop for Ast {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let inner = unsafe { self.0.as_ref() };
        if inner.ref_count.fetch_sub(1, core::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) == 1 {
            let inner = unsafe { self.0.as_mut() };
            let len = inner.symbols.len();
            unsafe { core::ptr::drop_in_place(inner) };
            let layout = AstInner::layout(len);
            unsafe {
                alloc::alloc::dealloc(self.0.as_ptr() as _, layout);
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Deref for Ast {
    type Target = AstInner<[Symbol]>;

    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        self.inner()
    }
}

struct StackAllocView<T> {
    prev: usize,
    base: usize,
    _ph: PhantomData<T>,
}

struct StackAlloc {
    data: *mut u8,
    len: usize,
    cap: usize,
}

impl StackAlloc {
    const MAX_ALIGN: usize = 16;

    fn view<T: Copy>(&mut self) -> StackAllocView<T> {
        let prev = self.len;
        let align = core::mem::align_of::<T>();
        assert!(align <= Self::MAX_ALIGN);
        self.len = (self.len + align - 1) & !(align - 1);
        StackAllocView { base: self.len, prev, _ph: PhantomData }
    }

    unsafe fn push<T: Copy>(&mut self, _view: &mut StackAllocView<T>, value: T) {
        if unlikely(self.len + core::mem::size_of::<T>() > self.cap) {
            let next_cap = self.cap.max(16 * 32).max(core::mem::size_of::<T>()) * 2;
            if self.cap == 0 {
                let layout =
                    core::alloc::Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(next_cap, Self::MAX_ALIGN);
                self.data = alloc::alloc::alloc(layout);
            } else {
                let old_layout =
                    core::alloc::Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(self.cap, Self::MAX_ALIGN);
                self.data = alloc::alloc::realloc(self.data, old_layout, next_cap);
            }
            self.cap = next_cap;
        }

        let dst = self.data.add(self.len) as *mut T;
        debug_assert!(dst.is_aligned());
        self.len += core::mem::size_of::<T>();
        core::ptr::write(dst, value);
    }

    unsafe fn finalize<T: Copy>(&mut self, view: StackAllocView<T>) -> &[T] {
        if unlikely(self.cap == 0) {
            return &[];
        }
        let slice = core::slice::from_ptr_range(
            self.data.add(view.base) as *const T..self.data.add(self.len) as *const T,
        );
        self.len = view.prev;
        slice
    }
}

impl Default for StackAlloc {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self { data: core::ptr::null_mut(), len: 0, cap: 0 }
    }
}

impl Drop for StackAlloc {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let layout =
            unsafe { core::alloc::Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(self.cap, Self::MAX_ALIGN) };
        unsafe { alloc::alloc::dealloc(self.data, layout) };
    }
}

#[derive(Default)]
pub struct Arena {
    chunk: UnsafeCell<ArenaChunk>,
}

impl Arena {
    pub fn with_capacity(cap: usize) -> Arena {
        Self { chunk: UnsafeCell::new(ArenaChunk::new(cap, ArenaChunk::default())) }
    }

    pub fn alloc<'a>(&'a self, expr: Expr<'a>) -> &'a Expr<'a> {
        let layout = core::alloc::Layout::from_size_align(
            expr.used_bytes(),
            core::mem::align_of::<Expr<'a>>(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        let ptr = self.alloc_low(layout);
        unsafe {
            ptr.cast::<u8>().copy_from_nonoverlapping(NonNull::from(&expr).cast(), layout.size())
        };
        unsafe { ptr.cast::<Expr<'a>>().as_ref() }
    }

    pub fn alloc_slice<'a, T: Copy>(&'a self, slice: &[T]) -> &'a [T] {
        if slice.is_empty() || core::mem::size_of::<T>() == 0 {
            return &mut [];
        }

        let layout = core::alloc::Layout::array::<T>(slice.len()).unwrap();
        let ptr = self.alloc_low(layout);
        unsafe { ptr.as_ptr().cast::<T>().copy_from_nonoverlapping(slice.as_ptr(), slice.len()) };
        unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(ptr.as_ptr() as _, slice.len()) }
    }

    fn alloc_low(&self, layout: core::alloc::Layout) -> NonNull<u8> {
        let chunk = unsafe { &mut *self.chunk.get() };

        if let Some(ptr) = chunk.alloc(layout) {
            return ptr;
        }

        const EXPANSION_ALLOC: usize = 1024 * 4 - core::mem::size_of::<ArenaChunk>();

        if layout.size() > EXPANSION_ALLOC {
            let next_ptr = chunk.next_ptr();
            if next_ptr.is_null() {
                unsafe {
                    core::ptr::write(
                        chunk,
                        ArenaChunk::new(
                            layout.size() + layout.align() - 1 + core::mem::size_of::<ArenaChunk>(),
                            Default::default(),
                        ),
                    );
                }
            } else {
                unsafe {
                    let chunk = ArenaChunk::new(
                        layout.size() + layout.align() - 1 + core::mem::size_of::<ArenaChunk>(),
                        core::ptr::read(next_ptr),
                    );
                    let alloc = chunk.base.add(chunk.base.align_offset(layout.align()));
                    core::ptr::write(next_ptr, chunk);
                    return NonNull::new_unchecked(alloc);
                }
            }
        } else {
            unsafe {
                core::ptr::write(chunk, ArenaChunk::new(EXPANSION_ALLOC, core::ptr::read(chunk)));
            }
        }

        chunk.alloc(layout).unwrap()
    }

    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
        let size = self.chunk.get_mut().size();
        if self.chunk.get_mut().next().is_some() {
            self.chunk = ArenaChunk::new(size + 1024, Default::default()).into();
        } else {
            self.chunk.get_mut().reset();
        }
    }
}

pub struct ArenaChunk {
    base: *mut u8,
    end: *mut u8,
    size: usize,
}

impl Default for ArenaChunk {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            base: core::mem::size_of::<Self>() as _,
            end: core::mem::size_of::<Self>() as _,
            size: 0,
        }
    }
}

impl ArenaChunk {
    fn layout(size: usize) -> Layout {
        Layout::new::<Self>().extend(Layout::array::<u8>(size).unwrap()).unwrap().0
    }

    fn new(size: usize, next: Self) -> Self {
        let mut base = unsafe { alloc::alloc::alloc(Self::layout(size)) };
        let end = unsafe { base.add(size) };
        unsafe { core::ptr::write(base.cast(), next) };
        base = unsafe { base.add(core::mem::size_of::<Self>()) };
        Self { base, end, size }
    }

    fn alloc(&mut self, layout: core::alloc::Layout) -> Option<NonNull<u8>> {
        let padding = self.end as usize - (self.end as usize & !(layout.align() - 1));
        let size = layout.size() + padding;
        if size > self.end as usize - self.base as usize {
            return None;
        }
        unsafe { self.end = self.end.sub(size) };
        debug_assert!(self.end >= self.base, "{:?} {:?}", self.end, self.base);
        unsafe { Some(NonNull::new_unchecked(self.end)) }
    }

    fn next(&self) -> Option<&Self> {
        unsafe { self.next_ptr().as_ref() }
    }

    fn next_ptr(&self) -> *mut Self {
        unsafe { self.base.cast::<Self>().sub(1) }
    }

    fn contains(&self, arg: *mut u8) -> bool {
        (self.base <= arg && unsafe { self.base.add(self.size) } > arg)
            || self.next().is_some_and(|s| s.contains(arg))
    }

    pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
        self.base as usize + self.size - self.end as usize + self.next().map_or(0, Self::size)
    }

    fn reset(&mut self) {
        self.end = unsafe { self.base.add(self.size) };
    }
}

impl Drop for ArenaChunk {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.size == 0 {
            return;
        }
        _ = self.next().map(|r| unsafe { core::ptr::read(r) });
        unsafe {
            alloc::alloc::dealloc(
                self.base.sub(core::mem::size_of::<Self>()),
                Self::layout(self.size),
            )
        }
    }
}