//--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Microsoft Windows // Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation, 1996-1998 // // File: falloc.cxx // // Contents: Fast allocator that sits on top of HeapAlloc for // better size and performance on small allocations. // // History: 15-Mar-96 dlee Created. // // Notes: No header/tail checking is done in this allocator. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- #include #pragma hdrstop #include "falloc.hxx" #pragma optimize( "t", on ) extern HANDLE gmem_hHeap; // any allocation larger than this isn't specially handled const USHORT cbMaxFalloc = 256; // allows more than 150 meg of allocations of less than cbMaxFalloc. const ULONG cMaxPages = 2048; // size of first page for each allocation granularity const ULONG cbFirstPage = 2048; //1024; #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 DECLARE_DEBUG( fal ); DECLARE_INFOLEVEL( fal ); #define falDebugOut(x) falInlineDebugOut x const int fillFastAlloc = 0xda; const int fillListAlloc = 0xdb; const int fillFree = 0xdc; const int fillBigAlloc = 0xdd; const int fillBigFree = 0xde; void memPrintMemoryChains(); // Define this to keep track of the amount of non-specially-handled // memory allocated. Should be turned off for a retail build. #define FALLOC_TRACK_NOTINPAGE #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 CMemMutex gmem_mutex; static inline void EnterMemSection() { gmem_mutex.Enter(); } static inline void LeaveMemSection() { gmem_mutex.Leave(); } //+--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Class: CPageHeader // // Purpose: Each page allocated has one of these objects at its start. // Pages aren't necessarily the system page size. // // History: 15-Mar-96 dlee Created. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- class CPageHeader { public: void Init( ULONG cbChunk, UINT cbPage ) { _cbChunk = (USHORT) cbChunk; _pcFreeList = 0; _cbFree = cbPage - sizeof CPageHeader; _cAlloced = 0; _pcEndPlusOne = ( (char *) this ) + cbPage; _pphPrev = 0; } #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 void CheckFreeList() const { // validate the free list head; look for heap trashing ciAssert( _pcFreeList < _pcEndPlusOne ); if ( 0 == _pcFreeList ) return; UINT_PTR ulBase = (UINT_PTR) (this + 1); UINT_PTR ulFreeList = (UINT_PTR) _pcFreeList; ciAssert( ulFreeList >= ulBase ); // freelist pointers are from the start of each chunk UINT_PTR ulDiff = ulFreeList - ulBase; ciAssert( 0 == ( ulDiff % _cbChunk ) ); } #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 void * FastAlloc() { // allocates memory from beyond the end of currently allocated space #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 ciAssert(( _cbChunk <= cbMaxFalloc )); ciAssert(( _cbFree >= _cbChunk )); ciAssert(( _cAlloced < 65535 )); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 void *pv = _pcEndPlusOne - _cbFree; _cbFree -= _cbChunk; _cAlloced++; #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 ciAssert( IsInPage( pv ) ); RtlFillMemory( pv, _cbChunk, fillFastAlloc ); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 return pv; } void * FreeListAlloc() { // allocates memory from the freelist #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 ciAssert(( _cAlloced < 65535 )); // overflow? CheckFreeList(); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 _cAlloced++; void *pv = _pcFreeList; _pcFreeList = * ( (char **) pv ); #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 ciAssert(( ( 0 == _pcFreeList ) || ( _pcFreeList > (char *) this ) )); ciAssert( IsInPage( pv ) ); CheckFreeList(); RtlFillMemory( pv, _cbChunk, fillListAlloc ); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 return pv; } void Free( void * pv ) { #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 ciAssert(( GetChunkSize() <= cbMaxFalloc )); ciAssert(( IsInPage( pv ) )); ciAssert( 0 != _cAlloced ); CheckFreeList(); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 // put the block at the front of the page's freelist ( * (char **) pv ) = _pcFreeList; _pcFreeList = (char *) pv; _cAlloced--; #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 CheckFreeList(); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 } BOOL IsValidPointer( const void * pv ) const { #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 CheckFreeList(); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 void * pvBase = (void *) (this + 1); UINT_PTR diff = (UINT_PTR) ( (char *) pv - (char *) pvBase ); UINT_PTR mod = diff % _cbChunk; #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 if ( 0 != mod ) { falDebugOut(( DEB_WARN, "Invalid small pointer: 0x%x\n", pv )); ciAssert( !"Invalid small pointer" ); } #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 return ( 0 == mod ); } BOOL IsInPage( void * pv ) { return ( ( pv >= (char *) this ) && ( pv < _pcEndPlusOne ) ); } ULONG Size() { return (ULONG) ( _pcEndPlusOne - (char *) this ); } char * GetEndPlusOne() { return _pcEndPlusOne; } char * GetFreeList() { return _pcFreeList; } void SetNext( CPageHeader * p ) { _pphNext = p; } CPageHeader * Next() { return _pphNext; } void SetPrev( CPageHeader * p ) { _pphPrev = p; } CPageHeader * Prev() { return _pphPrev; } ULONG GetFreeSize() { return _cbFree; } ULONG GetAlloced() { return _cAlloced; } BOOL IsPageEmpty() { return 0 == _cAlloced; } ULONG GetChunkSize() { return _cbChunk; } private: char * _pcEndPlusOne; // one byte past the end of this page char * _pcFreeList; // first element in the free list CPageHeader * _pphNext; // next page of the same chunk size CPageHeader * _pphPrev; // previous page of the same chunk size ULONG _cbFree; // # bytes free and not in free list USHORT _cAlloced; // allows for maximum of 256k page size USHORT _cbChunk; // size of allocations in this page }; #ifdef FALLOC_TRACK_NOTINPAGE LONG gmem_cbNotInPages = 0; LONG gmem_cbPeakNotInPages = 0; #endif //FALLOC_TRACK_NOTINPAGE // # of pages currently allocated UINT gmem_cPages = 0; // peak # of bytes allocated at once ULONG gmem_cbPeakUsage = 0; // current # of bytes allocated ULONG gmem_cbCurrentUsage = 0; // array of pointers to pages for each allocation size, the first of // which is the best place to look for an allocation. CPageHeader * gmem_aHints[ cbMaxFalloc / cbMemAlignment ]; // array of all pages allocated, sorted by address CPageHeader * gmem_aPages[ cMaxPages ]; //+--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Function: SizeToHint // // Synopsis: Translates a memory allocation size to an index in the // hint array. If alignment is 8, any allocation of size 1 // to 8 is in hint 0, size 9 to 16 is hint 1, etc. // // Arguments: [cb] -- size of the allocation // // Returns: The hint // // History: 15-Mar-96 dlee Created. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- static inline ULONG SizeToHint( ULONG cb ) { ciAssert(( cb <= cbMaxFalloc )); ciAssert(( cb >= cbMemAlignment )); return ( cb / cbMemAlignment ) - 1; } //SizeToHint //+--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Function: ReallyAllocate // // Synopsis: Calls the real memory allocator. // // Arguments: [cb] -- size of the allocation // // Returns: The pointer or 0 on failure // // History: 15-Mar-96 dlee Created. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- static inline void *ReallyAllocate( UINT cb ) { return (void *) HeapAlloc( gmem_hHeap, 0, cb ); } //ReallyAllocate //+--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Function: ReallyFree // // Synopsis: Frees memory // // Arguments: [pv] -- pointer to free // // History: 15-Mar-96 dlee Created. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- static inline void ReallyFree( void * pv ) { #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 if ( !HeapFree( gmem_hHeap, 0, pv ) ) ciAssert(!"Bad ptr for operator delete => LocalFree"); #else // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 HeapFree( gmem_hHeap, 0, pv ); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 } //ReallyFree static inline BOOL ReallyIsValidPointer( const void * pv ) { BOOL fOK = ( -1 != HeapSize( gmem_hHeap, 0, pv ) ); #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 if ( !fOK ) ciAssert( !"Invalid Pointer Detected" ); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 return fOK; } //ReallyIsValidPointer //+--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Function: ReallyGetSize // // Synopsis: Returns the size of an allocation // // Arguments: [pv] -- pointer to allocated memory // // Returns: Size of the allocation // // History: 15-Mar-96 dlee Created. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- static inline UINT ReallyGetSize( void const * pv ) { return (UINT)HeapSize( gmem_hHeap, 0, pv ); } //ReallyGetSize //+--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Function: memFindPageIndex // // Synopsis: Finds the page in which a pointer might reside or where // a new page would be inserted. // // Arguments: [pv] -- pointer to use for the search // // Returns: The page number in which the page either resides or would // reside (if doing an insertion). // // History: 15-Mar-96 dlee Created. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- inline ULONG memFindPageIndex( const void * pv ) { ULONG cPages = gmem_cPages; ULONG iHi = cPages - 1; ULONG iLo = 0; // do a binary search looking for the page do { ULONG cHalf = cPages / 2; if ( 0 != cHalf ) { ULONG cTmp = cHalf - 1 + ( cPages & 1 ); ULONG iMid = iLo + cTmp; CPageHeader *page = gmem_aPages[ iMid ]; if ( page > pv ) { iHi = iMid - 1; cPages = cTmp; } else if ( page->GetEndPlusOne() <= pv ) { iLo = iMid + 1; cPages = cHalf; } else { return iMid; } } else if ( 0 != cPages ) { if ( ( gmem_aPages[ iLo ]->GetEndPlusOne() ) > pv ) return iLo; else return iLo + 1; } else return iLo; } while ( TRUE ); ciAssert(( ! "Invalid memFindPageIndex function exit point" )); return 0; } //memFindPageIndex //+--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Function: AdjustPageSize // // Synopsis: Picks a page size for an allocation of a certain size base // on the allocation usage so far. // // Arguments: [cbAtLeast] -- the page must be at least this large. // [cbChunk] -- size of the allocation. // // Returns: The recommended page size for a new page of allocations of // size cbChunk. // // History: 15-Mar-96 dlee Created. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- static inline ULONG AdjustPageSize( UINT cbAtLeast, USHORT cbChunk ) { ciAssert(( cbChunk <= cbMaxFalloc )); UINT cPages = 0; CPageHeader * p = gmem_aHints[ SizeToHint( cbChunk ) ]; while ( 0 != p ) { cPages++; p = p->Next(); } UINT cbPage; if ( 0 == cPages ) cbPage = cbFirstPage; else if ( cPages < 4 ) cbPage = 4096; else if ( cPages < 16 ) cbPage = 8192; else if ( cPages < 200 ) cbPage = 16384; else if ( cPages < 256 ) cbPage = 32768; else cbPage = 65536; return __max( cbAtLeast, cbPage ); } //AdjustPageSize //+--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Function: memAddPage // // Synopsis: Allocates and adds a page to the list of pages // // Arguments: [cbPage] -- the page must be at least this large. // [cbChunk] -- size of each allocation in the page. // // Returns: pointer to the page // // History: 15-Mar-96 dlee Created. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- CPageHeader * memAddPage( UINT cbPage, ULONG cbChunk ) { ciAssert(( cbChunk <= cbMaxFalloc )); ciAssert(( gmem_cPages < ( cMaxPages - 1 ) )); // first-pass initializations for the allocator if ( 0 == gmem_cbPeakUsage ) { RtlZeroMemory( gmem_aHints, sizeof gmem_aHints ); RtlZeroMemory( gmem_aPages, sizeof gmem_aPages ); } void * pvPage = ReallyAllocate( cbPage ); // fail out-of-memory gracefully if ( 0 == pvPage ) return 0; gmem_cbCurrentUsage += cbPage; gmem_cbPeakUsage = __max( gmem_cbPeakUsage, gmem_cbCurrentUsage ); CPageHeader * page = (CPageHeader *) pvPage; ULONG iPage; if ( 0 == gmem_cPages ) iPage = 0; else { iPage = memFindPageIndex( page ); ciAssert(( iPage <= gmem_cPages )); // the pages are kept in order of address, so shift elements // down to make room if necessary. if ( iPage < gmem_cPages ) RtlMoveMemory( & ( gmem_aPages[ iPage + 1 ] ), & ( gmem_aPages[ iPage ] ), ( sizeof(void *) ) * ( gmem_cPages - iPage ) ); } // add the new page gmem_aPages[ iPage ] = page; gmem_cPages++; page->Init( cbChunk, cbPage ); ULONG iHint = SizeToHint( cbChunk ); CPageHeader *pOriginal = gmem_aHints[ iHint ]; gmem_aHints[ iHint ] = page; page->SetNext( pOriginal ); if ( 0 != pOriginal ) pOriginal->SetPrev( page ); #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 // make sure the pages really are sorted if ( gmem_cPages >= 2 ) for ( ULONG x = 0; x < gmem_cPages - 1; x++ ) ciAssert(( gmem_aPages[ x ] < gmem_aPages[ x + 1 ] )); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 return page; } //memAddPage //+--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Function: memDeletePage // // Synopsis: Deletes a page from the list of pages // // Arguments: [index] -- index of the page to be deleted. // [page] -- pointer to the page to be deleted. // // History: 15-Mar-96 dlee Created. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- void memDeletePage( ULONG index, CPageHeader * page ) { ciAssert(( index < gmem_cPages )); // leave the first page around -- it's small and cheap if ( page->Size() == cbFirstPage ) return; // remove the page from the hint array ULONG iHint = SizeToHint( page->GetChunkSize() ); if ( gmem_aHints[ iHint ] == page ) { // it's the first element in the hint linked list gmem_aHints[ iHint ] = page->Next(); if ( 0 != page->Next() ) page->Next()->SetPrev( 0 ); } else { // it's somewhere in the list of hints ciAssert(( 0 != page->Prev() )); page->Prev()->SetNext( page->Next() ); if ( 0 != page->Next() ) page->Next()->SetPrev( page->Prev() ); } gmem_cPages--; if ( index < gmem_cPages ) RtlMoveMemory( & ( gmem_aPages[ index ] ), & ( gmem_aPages[ index + 1 ] ), (sizeof( void * )) * ( gmem_cPages - index ) ); gmem_cbCurrentUsage -= page->Size(); #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 // make sure the pages really are sorted if ( gmem_cPages >= 2 ) for ( ULONG x = 0; x < gmem_cPages - 1; x++ ) ciAssert(( gmem_aPages[ x ] < gmem_aPages[ x + 1 ] )); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 ReallyFree( page ); } //memDeletePage //+--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Function: memAlloc // // Synopsis: Allocates a piece of memory. This code should never raise // in any circumstance other than memory corruption. // // Arguments: [cbAlloc] -- # of bytes to allocate // // Returns: pointer to the memory or 0 if failed // // History: 15-Mar-96 dlee Created. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- void * memAlloc( UINT cbAlloc) { // 0 sized allocations are ok in C++ and must return unique pointers // Align all allocations. // Do this work here, where it is not under lock if ( 0 != cbAlloc ) cbAlloc = memAlignBlock( cbAlloc ); else cbAlloc = cbMemAlignment; // can we special-case this allocation? if ( cbAlloc <= cbMaxFalloc ) { // try the hint page first ULONG iHint = SizeToHint( cbAlloc ); EnterMemSection(); CPageHeader *page = gmem_aHints[ iHint ]; if ( 0 != page ) { // most typical case is re-use of memory if ( 0 != page->GetFreeList() ) { void *pv = page->FreeListAlloc(); LeaveMemSection(); return pv; } // next most typical case is first-time allocation if ( cbAlloc <= page->GetFreeSize() ) { void *pv = page->FastAlloc(); LeaveMemSection(); return pv; } // otherwise look for a page with a freelist entry page = page->Next(); while ( 0 != page ) { ciAssert(( cbAlloc == page->GetChunkSize() )); // if this weren't true, why isn't the page a hint? ciAssert(( cbAlloc > page->GetFreeSize() )); if ( 0 != page->GetFreeList() ) { // try to make the hint be a page with free entries. // this is about a 5% speedup when a lot is allocated. CPageHeader *ptmp = gmem_aHints[ iHint ]; if ( page != ptmp ) { page->Prev()->SetNext( page->Next() ); if ( 0 != page->Next() ) page->Next()->SetPrev( page->Prev() ); page->SetPrev( 0 ); page->SetNext( ptmp ); ptmp->SetPrev( page ); gmem_aHints[ iHint ] = page; } void *pv = page->FreeListAlloc(); LeaveMemSection(); return pv; } page = page->Next(); } } // New page is needed ciAssert(( 0 == page )); if ( gmem_cPages < cMaxPages ) { page = memAddPage( AdjustPageSize( cbAlloc + sizeof CPageHeader, (USHORT)cbAlloc ), cbAlloc ); void *pv = 0; if ( 0 != page ) pv = page->FastAlloc(); LeaveMemSection(); return pv; } // wow. More than 150+ meg of allocations less than 256 bytes. // Just call the real allocator (after asserting) ciAssert(( !"bug? why did we allocate so much memory?" )); LeaveMemSection(); } // just allocate a block and be done with it. void *pv = ReallyAllocate( cbAlloc ); #ifdef FALLOC_TRACK_NOTINPAGE if ( 0 != pv ) { InterlockedExchangeAdd( &gmem_cbNotInPages, (LONG) ReallyGetSize( pv ) ); if ( gmem_cbNotInPages > gmem_cbPeakNotInPages ) gmem_cbPeakNotInPages = gmem_cbNotInPages; } #endif //FALLOC_TRACK_NOTINPAGE #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 if ( 0 != pv ) RtlFillMemory( pv, cbAlloc, fillBigAlloc ); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 return pv; } //memAlloc //+--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Function: memFree // // Synopsis: Frees memory // // Arguments: [pv] -- pointer to free // // History: 15-Mar-96 dlee Created. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- void memFree( void * pv ) { // ciDelete does this check ciAssert( 0 != pv ); { EnterMemSection(); ULONG index = memFindPageIndex( pv ); // The page is either in the array of tiny allocation pages // or not in the array and is a stand-alone allocation. if ( index < gmem_cPages ) { CPageHeader * page = gmem_aPages[ index ]; // metadata at head of page prevents this ciAssert(( pv != page )); // it's sufficient to check just the start of the page since if // pv were greater than the end of the page the next index // would have been returned from the memFindPageIndex() call if ( pv > page ) { ciAssert(( pv >= ( (char *) page + ( sizeof CPageHeader ) ) )); ciAssert(( pv < page->GetEndPlusOne() )); #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 RtlFillMemory( pv, page->GetChunkSize(), fillFree ); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 page->Free( pv ); if ( page->IsPageEmpty() ) memDeletePage( index, page ); LeaveMemSection(); return; } } LeaveMemSection(); } #ifdef FALLOC_TRACK_NOTINPAGE InterlockedExchangeAdd( &gmem_cbNotInPages, - (LONG) ReallyGetSize( pv ) ); #endif //FALLOC_TRACK_NOTINPAGE #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 ULONG cbBlock = ReallyGetSize( pv ); RtlFillMemory( pv, cbBlock, fillBigFree ); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 ReallyFree( pv ); } //memFree //+--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Function: memIsValidPointer // // Synopsis: Validates a pointer // // Arguments: [pv] -- pointer to validate // // Returns: TRUE if the pointer is apparently valid, FALSE otherwise // // History: 15-Oct-97 dlee Created. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- BOOL memIsValidPointer( const void * pv ) { if ( 0 == pv ) return TRUE; { EnterMemSection(); ULONG index = memFindPageIndex( pv ); // The page is either in the array of tiny allocation pages // or not in the array and is a stand-alone allocation. if ( index < gmem_cPages ) { CPageHeader * page = gmem_aPages[ index ]; // metadata at head of page prevents this ciAssert(( pv != page )); // it's sufficient to check just the start of the page since if // pv were greater than the end of the page the next index // would have been returned from the memFindPageIndex() call if ( pv > page ) { ciAssert(( pv >= ( (char *) page + ( sizeof CPageHeader ) ) )); ciAssert(( pv < page->GetEndPlusOne() )); BOOL fValid = page->IsValidPointer( pv ); LeaveMemSection(); return fValid; } } LeaveMemSection(); } return ReallyIsValidPointer( pv ); } //memIsValidPointer //+--------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // Function: memSize // // Synopsis: Returns the size of an allocation // // Arguments: [pv] -- pointer to check // // Returns: Size in bytes of the allocation // // History: 25-Oct-98 dlee Created. // //---------------------------------------------------------------------------- UINT memSize( const void * pv ) { if ( 0 == pv ) return 0; { EnterMemSection(); ULONG index = memFindPageIndex( pv ); // The page is either in the array of tiny allocation pages // or not in the array and is a stand-alone allocation. if ( index < gmem_cPages ) { CPageHeader * page = gmem_aPages[ index ]; // metadata at head of page prevents this ciAssert(( pv != page )); // it's sufficient to check just the start of the page since if // pv were greater than the end of the page the next index // would have been returned from the memFindPageIndex() call if ( pv > page ) { ciAssert(( pv >= ( (char *) page + ( sizeof CPageHeader ) ) )); ciAssert(( pv < page->GetEndPlusOne() )); UINT cb = page->GetChunkSize(); LeaveMemSection(); return cb; } } LeaveMemSection(); } return ReallyGetSize( pv ); } //memSize #pragma optimize( "", on ) void memUtilization() { #if CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 EnterMemSection(); #ifdef FALLOC_TRACK_NOTINPAGE falDebugOut(( DEB_WARN, "mem > 256 bytes 0x%x (%d), peak 0x%x (%d)\n", gmem_cbNotInPages, gmem_cbNotInPages, gmem_cbPeakNotInPages, gmem_cbPeakNotInPages )); #endif //FALLOC_TRACK_NOTINPAGE falDebugOut(( DEB_WARN, "mem <= 256 bytes 0x%x (%d), peak 0x%x (%d)\n", gmem_cbCurrentUsage, gmem_cbCurrentUsage, gmem_cbPeakUsage, gmem_cbPeakUsage )); ULONG cbTotalSize = 0; ULONG cbTotalInUse = 0; for ( ULONG i = 0; i < gmem_cPages; i++ ) { CPageHeader *p = gmem_aPages[ i ]; ULONG c = p->GetAlloced(); c *= p->GetChunkSize(); cbTotalInUse += c; cbTotalSize += p->Size(); falDebugOut(( DEB_WARN, "p 0x%p cb %#x fl 0x%p f %#x a %#x s %#x u %#x\n", p, (ULONG) p->GetChunkSize(), (ULONG_PTR) p->GetFreeList(), (ULONG) p->GetFreeSize(), (ULONG) p->GetAlloced(), (ULONG) p->Size(), c )); } falDebugOut(( DEB_WARN, "total %#x (%d), in use: %#x (%d)\n", cbTotalSize, cbTotalSize, cbTotalInUse, cbTotalInUse )); LeaveMemSection(); #endif // CIDBG==1 || DBG==1 } //memUtilization