i am tired

Signed-off-by: Jakub Doka <jakub.doka2@gmail.com>

bytecode/Cargo.toml

@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@ edition = "2018"
 
 [features]
 default = ["disasm"]
-std = []
+disasm = ["alloc"]
-disasm = ["std"]
+alloc = []
 

bytecode/build.rs

@@ -98,6 +98,27 @@ fn gen_instrs(generated: &mut String) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
             writeln!(generated, "    {name} = {id},")?;
         }
         writeln!(generated, "}}")?;
+
+        writeln!(generated, "impl {instr} {{")?;
+        writeln!(generated, "    pub fn size(self) -> usize {{")?;
+        writeln!(generated, "        match self {{")?;
+        let mut instrs = instructions().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        instrs.sort_unstable_by_key(|&[.., ty, _]| iter_args(ty).map(arg_to_width).sum::<usize>());
+        for group in instrs.chunk_by(|[.., a, _], [.., b, _]| {
+            iter_args(a).map(arg_to_width).sum::<usize>()
+                == iter_args(b).map(arg_to_width).sum::<usize>()
+        }) {
+            let ty = group[0][2];
+            for &[_, name, ..] in group {
+                writeln!(generated, "            | {instr}::{name}")?;
+            }
+            generated.pop();
+            let size = iter_args(ty).map(arg_to_width).sum::<usize>() + 1;
+            writeln!(generated, " => {size},")?;
+        }
+        writeln!(generated, "        }}")?;
+        writeln!(generated, "    }}")?;
+        writeln!(generated, "}}")?;
     }
 
     '_arg_kind: {

bytecode/src/lib.rs

@@ -254,8 +254,7 @@ pub fn disasm<'a>(
                         || global_offset > off + len
                         || prev
                             .get(global_offset as usize)
-                            .map_or(true, |&b| instr_from_byte(b).is_err())
+                            .is_none_or(|&b| instr_from_byte(b).is_err());
-                        || prev[global_offset as usize] == 0;
                     has_oob |= local_has_oob;
                     let label = labels.get(&global_offset).unwrap();
                     if local_has_oob {

depell/src/static-pages/developing-hblang.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# The journey to optimizing compiler
+# The journey to an optimizing compiler
 
 It's been years since I was continuously trying to make a compiler to implement language of my dreams. Problem was tho that I wanted something similar to Rust, which if you did not know, `rustc` far exceeded the one million lines of code mark some time ago, so implementing such language would take me years if not decades, but I still tired it.
 
@@ -28,4 +28,34 @@ It took around 4 months to reimplement everything make make the optimal code loo
 
 ## How my understanding of optimizations changed
 
-I need to admit, before writing a single pass compiler and later upgrading it to optimizing one, I took optimizations as some magic that makes code faster and honestly believed they are optional and most of the hard work is done in the process of translating readable text to the machine code. That is almost true with minus the readable part. If you want the code you write to perform well, with a compiler that translates your code from text to instructions as its written, you will be forced to do everything modern optimizers do, by hand in your code. TODO...
+### Optimizations allow us to scale software
+
+I need to admit, before writing a single pass compiler and later upgrading it to optimizing one, I thought optimizations only affect the quality of final assembly emitted by the compiler. It never occur to me that what the optimizations actually do, is reduce the impact of how you decide to write the code. In a single pass compiler (with zero optimizations), the machine code reflects:
+
+- order of operations as written in code
+- whether the value was stored in intermediate locations
+- exact structure of the control flow and at which point the operations are placed
+- how many times is something recomputed
+- operations that only help to convey intent for the reader of the source code
+- and more I can't think of...
+
+If you took some code you wrote and then modified it to obfuscate these aspects (in reference to the original code), you would to a subset of what optimizing compiler does. Of course, a good compiler would try hard to improve the metrics its optimizing for, it would:
+
+- reorder operations to allow the CPU to parallelize them
+- remove needless stores, or store values directly to places you cant express in code
+- pull operations out of the loops and into the branches (if it can)
+- find all common sub-expressions and compute them only once
+- fold constants as much as possible and use obscure tricks to replace slow instructions if any of the operands are constant
+- and more...
+
+In the end, compiler optimizations try to reduce correlation between how the code happens to be written and how well it performs, which is extremely important when you want humans to read the code.
+
+### Optimizing compilers know more then you
+
+Optimizing code is a search problem, an optimizer searches the code for patterns that can be rewritten so something more practical for the computer, while preserving the observable behavior of the program. This means it needs enough context about the code to not make a mistake. In fact, the optimizer has so much context, it is able to determine your code is useless. But wait, didn't you write the code because you needed it to do something? Maybe your intention was to break out of the loop after you are done, but the optimizer looked at the code and said, "great, we are so lucky that this integer is always small enough to miss this check by one, DELETE", and then he goes "jackpot, since this loop is now infinite, we don't need this code after it, DELETE". Notice that the optimizer is eager to delete dead code, it did not ask you "Brah, why did you place all your code after an infinite loop?". This is just an example, there are many more cases where modern optimizers just delete all your code because they proven it does something invalid without running it.
+
+Its stupid but its the world we live in, optimizers are usually a black box you import and feed it the code in a format they understand, they then proceed to optimize it, and if they find a glaring bug they wont tell you, god forbid, they will just molest the code in unspecified ways and spit out whats left. Before writing an optimizer, I did no know this can happen and I did not know this is a problem I pay for with my time, spent figuring out why noting is happening when I run the program.
+
+But wait its worse! Since optimizers wont ever share the fact you are stupid, we end up with other people painstakingly writing complex linters, that will do a shitty job detecting things that matter, and instead whine about style and other bullcrap (and they suck even at that). If the people who write linters and people who write optimizers swapped the roles, I would be ranting about optimizers instead.
+
+And so, this is the area where I want to innovate, lets report the dead code to the frontend, and let the compiler frontend filter out the noise and show relevant information in the diagnostics. Refuse to compile the program if you `i /= 0`. Refuse to compile if you `arr[arr.len]`. This is the level of stupid optimizer sees, once it normalizes your code, but proceeds to protect your feelings. My goal so for hblang to relay this to you as much as possible. If we can query for optimizations, we can query for bugs too.

lang/Cargo.toml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ path = "src/fuzz_main.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
 hbbytecode = { workspace = true, features = ["disasm"] }
-hbvm = { workspace = true, features = ["nightly"] }
+hbvm = { workspace = true, features = ["nightly", "alloc"] }
 hashbrown = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false, features = ["raw-entry"] }
 log = "0.4.22"
 

lang/src/backend/hbvm.rs

@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ impl Backend for HbvmBackend {
             && self
                 .jump_relocs
                 .last()
-                .map_or(true, |&(r, _)| self.offsets[r as usize] as usize != self.code.len())
+                .is_none_or(|&(r, _)| self.offsets[r as usize] as usize != self.code.len())
         {
             self.code.truncate(self.code.len() - 5);
             self.ret_relocs.pop();
@@ -606,9 +606,8 @@ impl TokenKind {
         Some(ops[size.ilog2() as usize])
     }
 
-    fn unop(&self, dst: ty::Id, src: ty::Id) -> Option<fn(u8, u8) -> EncodedInstr> {
+    fn unop(&self, dst: ty::Id, src: ty::Id, tys: &Types) -> Option<fn(u8, u8) -> EncodedInstr> {
-        let src_idx =
+        let src_idx = tys.size_of(src).ilog2() as usize;
-            src.simple_size().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{:?}", src.expand())).ilog2() as usize;
         Some(match self {
             Self::Sub => [
                 |a, b| sub8(a, reg::ZERO, b),
@@ -655,6 +654,14 @@ enum PLoc {
     Ref(Reg, u32),
 }
 
+impl PLoc {
+    fn reg(self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            PLoc::Reg(r, _) | PLoc::WideReg(r, _) | PLoc::Ref(r, _) => r,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 struct ParamAlloc(Range<Reg>);
 
 impl ParamAlloc {
@@ -690,42 +697,7 @@ fn binary_prelude(to: &mut Vec<u8>) {
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct LoggedMem {
     pub mem: hbvm::mem::HostMemory,
-    op_buf: Vec<hbbytecode::Oper>,
+    logger: hbvm::mem::InstrLogger,
-    disp_buf: String,
-    prev_instr: Option<hbbytecode::Instr>,
-}
-
-impl LoggedMem {
-    unsafe fn display_instr<T>(&mut self, instr: hbbytecode::Instr, addr: hbvm::mem::Address) {
-        let novm: *const hbvm::Vm<Self, 0> = core::ptr::null();
-        let offset = core::ptr::addr_of!((*novm).memory) as usize;
-        let regs = unsafe {
-            &*core::ptr::addr_of!(
-                (*(((self as *mut _ as *mut u8).sub(offset)) as *const hbvm::Vm<Self, 0>))
-                    .registers
-            )
-        };
-
-        let mut bytes = core::slice::from_raw_parts(
-            (addr.get() - 1) as *const u8,
-            core::mem::size_of::<T>() + 1,
-        );
-        use core::fmt::Write;
-        hbbytecode::parse_args(&mut bytes, instr, &mut self.op_buf).unwrap();
-        debug_assert!(bytes.is_empty());
-        self.disp_buf.clear();
-        write!(self.disp_buf, "{:<10}", format!("{instr:?}")).unwrap();
-        for (i, op) in self.op_buf.drain(..).enumerate() {
-            if i != 0 {
-                write!(self.disp_buf, ", ").unwrap();
-            }
-            write!(self.disp_buf, "{op:?}").unwrap();
-            if let hbbytecode::Oper::R(r) = op {
-                write!(self.disp_buf, "({})", regs[r as usize].0).unwrap()
-            }
-        }
-        log::trace!("read-typed: {:x}: {}", addr.get(), self.disp_buf);
-    }
 }
 
 impl hbvm::mem::Memory for LoggedMem {
@@ -758,20 +730,14 @@ impl hbvm::mem::Memory for LoggedMem {
     }
 
     unsafe fn prog_read<T: Copy + 'static>(&mut self, addr: hbvm::mem::Address) -> T {
-        if log::log_enabled!(log::Level::Trace) {
-            if core::any::TypeId::of::<u8>() == core::any::TypeId::of::<T>() {
-                if let Some(instr) = self.prev_instr {
-                    self.display_instr::<()>(instr, addr);
-                }
-                self.prev_instr = hbbytecode::Instr::try_from(*(addr.get() as *const u8)).ok();
-            } else {
-                let instr = self.prev_instr.take().unwrap();
-                self.display_instr::<T>(instr, addr);
-            }
-        }
-
         self.mem.prog_read(addr)
     }
+
+    fn log_instr(&mut self, at: hbvm::mem::Address, regs: &[hbvm::value::Value]) {
+        log::trace!("read-typed: {:x}: {}", at.get(), unsafe {
+            self.logger.display_instr(at, regs)
+        });
+    }
 }
 
 struct AsHex<'a>(&'a [u8]);

lang/src/backend/hbvm/regalloc.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use {
+    super::ParamAlloc,
     crate::{
         backend::hbvm::{
             reg::{self, Reg},
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ impl HbvmBackend {
         tys: &Types,
         files: &EntSlice<Module, parser::Ast>,
     ) -> (usize, bool) {
-        let tail = Function::build(nodes, tys, &mut self.ralloc, sig);
+        let tail = FunctionBuilder::build(nodes, tys, &mut self.ralloc, sig);
 
         let strip_load = |value| match nodes[value].kind {
             Kind::Load { .. } if nodes[value].ty.loc(tys) == Loc::Stack => nodes[value].inputs[1],
@@ -32,7 +33,9 @@ impl HbvmBackend {
 
         let mut res = mem::take(&mut self.ralloc);
 
-        Regalloc::run(nodes, tys, &mut res);
+        let special_reg_count = 13u8;
+
+        Regalloc::run(nodes, tys, &mut res, special_reg_count as _);
 
         '_open_function: {
             self.emit(instrs::addi64(reg::STACK_PTR, reg::STACK_PTR, 0));
@@ -40,12 +43,12 @@ impl HbvmBackend {
         }
 
         if let Some(PLoc::Ref(..)) = tys.parama(sig.ret).0 {
-            res.node_to_reg[MEM as usize] = res.bundles.len() as u8 + 1;
+            res.node_to_reg[MEM as usize] = res.general_bundles.len() as u8 + 1;
-            res.bundles.push(Bundle::new(0));
+            res.general_bundles.push(Bundle::default());
         }
 
-        let reg_offset = if tail { reg::RET + 12 } else { reg::RET_ADDR + 1 };
+        let reg_offset = if tail { special_reg_count } else { reg::RET_ADDR + 1 };
-        let bundle_count = res.bundles.len() + (reg_offset as usize);
+        let bundle_count = res.general_bundles.len() + (reg_offset as usize);
 
         res.node_to_reg.iter_mut().filter(|r| **r != 0).for_each(|r| {
             if *r == u8::MAX {
@@ -325,6 +328,7 @@ impl HbvmBackend {
                                 node.ty,
                                 tys.inner_of(nodes[node.inputs[1]].ty)
                                     .unwrap_or(nodes[node.inputs[1]].ty),
+                                tys,
                             )
                             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                                 panic!(
@@ -392,8 +396,9 @@ impl HbvmBackend {
                             todo!("unhandled operator: {op}");
                         }
                     }
-                    Kind::Call { args, func } => {
+                    Kind::Call { args, func, .. } => {
                         let (ret, mut parama) = tys.parama(node.ty);
+                        debug_assert!(node.ty != ty::Id::NEVER || ret.is_none());
                         if let Some(PLoc::Ref(r, ..)) = ret {
                             self.emit(instrs::cp(r, atr(*node.inputs.last().unwrap())))
                         }
@@ -433,12 +438,15 @@ impl HbvmBackend {
                             self.emit(instrs::st(r, atr(*node.inputs.last().unwrap()), 0, size));
                         }
 
-                        match ret {
+                        //match ret {
-                            Some(PLoc::WideReg(..)) => {}
+                        //    Some(PLoc::WideReg(..)) => {}
-                            Some(PLoc::Reg(..)) if node.ty.loc(tys) == Loc::Stack => {}
+                        //    Some(PLoc::Reg(..)) if node.ty.loc(tys) == Loc::Stack => {}
-                            Some(PLoc::Reg(r, ..)) => self.emit_cp(atr(nid), r),
+                        //    Some(PLoc::Reg(r, ..)) => self.emit_cp(atr(nid), r),
-                            None | Some(PLoc::Ref(..)) => {}
+                        //    None | Some(PLoc::Ref(..)) => {}
-                        }
+                        //}
+                    }
+                    Kind::RetVal => {
+                        self.emit_cp(atr(nid), reg::RET);
                     }
                     Kind::Global { global } => {
                         let reloc = Reloc::new(self.code.len(), 3, 4);
@@ -517,7 +525,7 @@ impl HbvmBackend {
             if tail {
                 bundle_count.saturating_sub(reg::RET_ADDR as _)
             } else {
-                self.ralloc.bundles.len()
+                self.ralloc.general_bundles.len()
             },
             tail,
         )
@@ -530,7 +538,7 @@ impl HbvmBackend {
     }
 }
 
-struct Function<'a> {
+struct FunctionBuilder<'a> {
     sig: Sig,
     tail: bool,
     nodes: &'a Nodes,
@@ -538,7 +546,7 @@ struct Function<'a> {
     func: &'a mut Res,
 }
 
-impl core::fmt::Debug for Function<'_> {
+impl core::fmt::Debug for FunctionBuilder<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
         for block in &self.func.blocks {
             writeln!(f, "{:?}", self.nodes[block.entry].kind)?;
@@ -551,7 +559,7 @@ impl core::fmt::Debug for Function<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Function<'a> {
+impl<'a> FunctionBuilder<'a> {
     fn build(nodes: &'a Nodes, tys: &'a Types, func: &'a mut Res, sig: Sig) -> bool {
         func.blocks.clear();
         func.instrs.clear();
@@ -670,17 +678,21 @@ impl<'a> Function<'a> {
                     self.emit_node(o);
                 }
             }
-            Kind::Call { func, .. } => {
+            Kind::Call { func, unreachable, .. } => {
                 self.tail &= func == ty::Func::ECA;
 
-                self.add_instr(nid);
+                if unreachable {
-
+                    self.close_block(nid);
-                for &o in node.outputs.iter().rev() {
+                    self.emit_node(node.outputs[0]);
-                    if self.nodes[o].inputs[0] == nid
+                } else {
-                        || (matches!(self.nodes[o].kind, Kind::Loop | Kind::Region)
+                    self.add_instr(nid);
-                            && self.nodes[o].inputs[1] == nid)
+                    for &o in node.outputs.iter().rev() {
-                    {
+                        if self.nodes[o].inputs[0] == nid
-                        self.emit_node(o);
+                            || (matches!(self.nodes[o].kind, Kind::Loop | Kind::Region)
+                                && self.nodes[o].inputs[1] == nid)
+                        {
+                            self.emit_node(o);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -691,6 +703,7 @@ impl<'a> Function<'a> {
             | Kind::Global { .. }
             | Kind::Load { .. }
             | Kind::Stre
+            | Kind::RetVal
             | Kind::Stck => self.add_instr(nid),
             Kind::End | Kind::Phi | Kind::Arg | Kind::Mem | Kind::Loops | Kind::Join => {}
             Kind::Assert { .. } => unreachable!(),
@@ -761,7 +774,13 @@ impl Nodes {
         nid
     }
 
-    fn uses_of(&self, nid: Nid, types: &Types, stack: &mut Vec<Nid>, buf: &mut Vec<(Nid, Nid)>) {
+    fn uses_of(
+        &self,
+        nid: Nid,
+        types: &Types,
+        stack: &mut Vec<Nid>,
+        buf: &mut Vec<(Nid, Nid, Reg)>,
+    ) {
         debug_assert!(stack.is_empty());
         debug_assert!(buf.is_empty());
 
@@ -777,13 +796,38 @@ impl Nodes {
                     continue;
                 }
                 if self.is_unlocked(o) {
-                    buf.push((self.use_block_of(exp, o), o));
+                    buf.push((self.use_block_of(exp, o), o, self.use_reg_of(exp, o)));
                 } else {
                     stack.push(o);
                 }
             }
         }
     }
+
+    #[expect(unused)]
+    fn init_loc_of(&self, def: Nid, types: &Types) -> Reg {
+        if self[def].kind == Kind::Arg {
+            let mut parama = ParamAlloc(0..11);
+            let (_, ploc) = self[VOID]
+                .outputs
+                .iter()
+                .skip(ARG_START)
+                .map(|&n| (n, parama.next(self[n].ty, types)))
+                .find(|&(n, _)| n == def)
+                .unwrap();
+
+            return ploc.unwrap().reg();
+        }
+
+        255
+    }
+
+    #[expect(unused)]
+    fn use_reg_of(&self, def: Nid, usage: Nid) -> Reg {
+        //if matches!(self[usage].kind, Kind::Return { .. }) {}
+
+        255
+    }
 }
 
 struct Regalloc<'a> {
@@ -806,27 +850,35 @@ impl<'a> Regalloc<'a> {
         self.res.backrefs[nid as usize]
     }
 
-    fn run(ctx: &'a Nodes, tys: &'a Types, res: &'a mut Res) {
+    fn run(ctx: &'a Nodes, tys: &'a Types, res: &'a mut Res, special_count: usize) {
-        Self { nodes: ctx, tys, res }.run_low();
+        Self { nodes: ctx, tys, res }.run_low(special_count);
     }
 
-    fn run_low(&mut self) {
+    fn run_low(&mut self, #[expect(unused)] special_count: usize) {
-        self.res.bundles.clear();
+        self.res.general_bundles.clear();
         self.res.node_to_reg.clear();
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         self.res.marked.clear();
         self.res.node_to_reg.resize(self.nodes.vreg_count(), 0);
+        self.res.call_set.clear();
+
+        for (i, &instr) in self.res.instrs.iter().enumerate() {
+            if self.nodes[instr].kind.is_call() {
+                self.res.call_set.add_one(i);
+            }
+        }
 
         debug_assert!(self.res.dfs_buf.is_empty());
 
         let mut uses_buf = Vec::new();
-        let mut bundle = Bundle::new(self.res.instrs.len());
+        let mut range_buf = Vec::new();
+        let mut bundle = Bundle::default();
         self.res.visited.clear(self.nodes.len());
 
         for i in (0..self.res.blocks.len()).rev() {
             for [a, rest @ ..] in self.nodes.phi_inputs_of(self.res.blocks[i].entry) {
                 if self.res.visited.set(a) {
-                    self.append_bundle(a, &mut bundle, None, &mut uses_buf);
+                    self.append_bundle(a, &mut bundle, None, &mut uses_buf, &mut range_buf);
                 }
 
                 for r in rest {
@@ -839,6 +891,7 @@ impl<'a> Regalloc<'a> {
                         &mut bundle,
                         Some(self.res.node_to_reg[a as usize] as usize - 1),
                         &mut uses_buf,
+                        &mut range_buf,
                     );
                 }
             }
@@ -849,7 +902,7 @@ impl<'a> Regalloc<'a> {
             if self.nodes[inst].has_no_value() || self.res.visited.get(inst) || inst == 0 {
                 continue;
             }
-            self.append_bundle(inst, &mut bundle, None, &mut uses_buf);
+            self.append_bundle(inst, &mut bundle, None, &mut uses_buf, &mut range_buf);
         }
         self.res.instrs = instrs;
     }
@@ -859,12 +912,16 @@ impl<'a> Regalloc<'a> {
         inst: Nid,
         tmp: &mut Bundle,
         prefered: Option<usize>,
-        uses_buf: &mut Vec<(Nid, Nid)>,
+        uses_buf: &mut Vec<(Nid, Nid, Reg)>,
+        range_buf: &mut Vec<Range<usize>>,
     ) {
         let dom = self.nodes.idom_of(inst);
         self.res.dfs_seem.clear(self.nodes.len());
         self.nodes.uses_of(inst, self.tys, &mut self.res.dfs_buf, uses_buf);
-        for (cursor, uinst) in uses_buf.drain(..) {
+        let mut prefered_reg = reg::ZERO;
+        for (cursor, uinst, reg) in uses_buf.drain(..) {
+            prefered_reg = prefered_reg.min(reg);
+
             if !self.res.dfs_seem.set(uinst) {
                 continue;
             }
@@ -894,8 +951,22 @@ impl<'a> Regalloc<'a> {
                 range.end = new;
                 debug_assert!(range.start < range.end, "{:?} {inst} {uinst}", range);
 
-                tmp.add(range);
+                range_buf.push(range)
             });
+
+            range_buf.sort_unstable_by_key(|r| r.start);
+            range_buf.dedup_by(|a, b| {
+                if b.end == a.start {
+                    b.end = a.end;
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            });
+
+            for range in range_buf.drain(..) {
+                tmp.add(range);
+            }
         }
 
         if tmp.is_empty() {
@@ -904,23 +975,23 @@ impl<'a> Regalloc<'a> {
         }
 
         if let Some(prefered) = prefered
-            && !self.res.bundles[prefered].overlaps(tmp)
+            && !self.res.general_bundles[prefered].overlaps(tmp)
         {
-            self.res.bundles[prefered].merge(tmp);
+            self.res.general_bundles[prefered].merge(tmp);
             tmp.clear();
             self.res.node_to_reg[inst as usize] = prefered as Reg + 1;
             return;
         }
 
-        match self.res.bundles.iter_mut().enumerate().find(|(_, b)| !b.overlaps(tmp)) {
+        match self.res.general_bundles.iter_mut().enumerate().find(|(_, b)| !b.overlaps(tmp)) {
             Some((i, other)) => {
                 other.merge(tmp);
                 tmp.clear();
                 self.res.node_to_reg[inst as usize] = i as Reg + 1;
             }
             None => {
-                self.res.bundles.push(tmp.take());
+                self.res.general_bundles.push(tmp.take());
-                self.res.node_to_reg[inst as usize] = self.res.bundles.len() as Reg;
+                self.res.node_to_reg[inst as usize] = self.res.general_bundles.len() as Reg;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -971,7 +1042,8 @@ pub(super) struct Res {
     instrs: Vec<Nid>,
     backrefs: Vec<u16>,
 
-    bundles: Vec<Bundle>,
+    general_bundles: Vec<Bundle>,
+    call_set: Bundle,
     node_to_reg: Vec<Reg>,
 
     visited: BitSet,
@@ -982,37 +1054,83 @@ pub(super) struct Res {
 }
 
 struct Bundle {
-    taken: Vec<bool>,
+    start: usize,
+    end: usize,
+    usage: BitSet,
+}
+
+impl Default for Bundle {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { start: usize::MAX, end: 0, usage: Default::default() }
+    }
 }
 
 impl Bundle {
-    fn new(size: usize) -> Self {
-        Self { taken: vec![false; size] }
-    }
-
     fn add(&mut self, range: Range<usize>) {
-        self.taken[range].fill(true);
+        debug_assert!(!range.is_empty());
+        debug_assert!(range.start / BitSet::UNIT >= self.start || self.start == usize::MAX);
+        self.start = self.start.min(range.start / BitSet::UNIT);
+        self.end = self.end.max(range.end.div_ceil(BitSet::UNIT));
+        let proj_range =
+            range.start - self.start * BitSet::UNIT..range.end - self.start * BitSet::UNIT;
+        self.usage.set_range(proj_range)
     }
 
-    fn overlaps(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+    fn overlaps(&self, othr: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.taken.iter().zip(other.taken.iter()).any(|(a, b)| a & b)
+        let overlap = self.start.max(othr.start)..self.end.min(othr.end);
+
+        if overlap.start >= overlap.end {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        let [mut sslot, mut oslot] = [0, 0];
+        let sunits =
+            &self.usage.units(&mut sslot)[overlap.start - self.start..overlap.end - self.start];
+        let ounits =
+            &othr.usage.units(&mut oslot)[overlap.start - othr.start..overlap.end - othr.start];
+
+        debug_assert_eq!(sunits.len(), ounits.len());
+
+        let res = sunits.iter().zip(ounits).any(|(a, b)| (a & b) != 0);
+        res
     }
 
-    fn merge(&mut self, other: &Self) {
+    fn merge(&mut self, othr: &Self) {
-        debug_assert!(!self.overlaps(other));
+        debug_assert!(!self.overlaps(othr));
-        self.taken.iter_mut().zip(other.taken.iter()).for_each(|(a, b)| *a |= *b);
+        debug_assert!(self.start <= othr.start || self.start == usize::MAX);
+
+        self.usage.reserve((othr.end - self.start) * BitSet::UNIT);
+        self.start = self.start.min(othr.start);
+        self.end = self.end.max(othr.end);
+
+        let sunits =
+            &mut self.usage.units_mut().unwrap()[othr.start - self.start..othr.end - self.start];
+        let mut oslot = 0;
+        let ounits = othr.usage.units(&mut oslot);
+        sunits.iter_mut().zip(ounits).for_each(|(a, b)| *a |= *b);
     }
 
     fn clear(&mut self) {
-        self.taken.fill(false);
+        self.start = usize::MAX;
+        self.end = 0;
+        self.usage.clear_as_is();
     }
 
     fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.taken.contains(&true)
+        self.end == 0
     }
 
     fn take(&mut self) -> Self {
-        mem::replace(self, Self::new(self.taken.len()))
+        let mut new = Self { start: 0, ..Self::default() };
+        new.merge(self);
+        self.clear();
+        new
+    }
+
+    fn add_one(&mut self, i: usize) {
+        self.start = self.start.min(i / BitSet::UNIT);
+        self.end = self.end.max(i.div_ceil(BitSet::UNIT));
+        self.usage.set(i as _);
     }
 }
 

lang/src/fmt.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ use {
     crate::{
         lexer::{self, Lexer, TokenKind},
         parser::{
-            self, CommentOr, CtorField, EnumField, Expr, FieldList, Poser, Radix, StructField,
+            self, CommentOr, CtorField, EnumField, Expr, FieldList, ListKind, Poser, Radix,
+            StructField, UnionField,
         },
     },
     core::{
@@ -50,27 +51,29 @@ enum TokenGroup {
     Ctor,
 }
 
-fn token_group(kind: TokenKind) -> TokenGroup {
+impl TokenKind {
-    use {crate::lexer::TokenKind::*, TokenGroup as TG};
+    fn to_higlight_group(self) -> TokenGroup {
-    match kind {
+        use {TokenGroup as TG, TokenKind::*};
-        BSlash | Pound | Eof | Ct => TG::Blank,
+        match self {
-        Comment => TG::Comment,
+            BSlash | Pound | Eof | Ct => TG::Blank,
-        Directive => TG::Directive,
+            Comment => TG::Comment,
-        Colon => TG::Colon,
+            Directive => TG::Directive,
-        Semi | Comma => TG::Comma,
+            Colon => TG::Colon,
-        Dot => TG::Dot,
+            Semi | Comma => TG::Comma,
-        Ctor | Tupl | TArrow => TG::Ctor,
+            Dot => TG::Dot,
-        LParen | RParen => TG::Paren,
+            Ctor | Arr | Tupl | TArrow | Range => TG::Ctor,
-        LBrace | RBrace | LBrack | RBrack => TG::Bracket,
+            LParen | RParen => TG::Paren,
-        Number | Float => TG::Number,
+            LBrace | RBrace | LBrack | RBrack => TG::Bracket,
-        Under | CtIdent | Ident => TG::Identifier,
+            Number | Float => TG::Number,
-        Tick | Tilde | Que | Not | Mod | Band | Bor | Xor | Mul | Add | Sub | Div | Shl | Shr
+            Under | CtIdent | Ident => TG::Identifier,
-        | Or | And | Lt | Gt | Eq | Le | Ge | Ne => TG::Op,
+            Tick | Tilde | Que | Not | Mod | Band | Bor | Xor | Mul | Add | Sub | Div | Shl
-        Decl | Assign | BorAss | XorAss | BandAss | AddAss | SubAss | MulAss | DivAss | ModAss
+            | Shr | Or | And | Lt | Gt | Eq | Le | Ge | Ne => TG::Op,
-        | ShrAss | ShlAss => TG::Assign,
+            Decl | Assign | BorAss | XorAss | BandAss | AddAss | SubAss | MulAss | DivAss
-        DQuote | Quote => TG::String,
+            | ModAss | ShrAss | ShlAss => TG::Assign,
-        Slf | Defer | Return | If | Else | Loop | Break | Continue | Fn | Idk | Die | Struct
+            DQuote | Quote => TG::String,
-        | Packed | True | False | Null | Match | Enum | Union | CtLoop => TG::Keyword,
+            Slf | Defer | Return | If | Else | Loop | Break | Continue | Fn | Idk | Die
+            | Struct | Packed | True | False | Null | Match | Enum | Union | CtLoop => TG::Keyword,
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -88,7 +91,7 @@ pub fn get_token_kinds(mut source: &mut [u8]) -> usize {
         let start = token.start as usize;
         let end = token.end as usize;
         source[..start].fill(0);
-        source[start..end].fill(token_group(token.kind) as u8);
+        source[start..end].fill(token.kind.to_higlight_group() as u8);
         source = &mut source[end..];
     }
     len
@@ -221,12 +224,12 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
                     f.write_str(sep)?;
                 }
                 if let Some(expr) = list.get(i + 1)
-                    && let Some(rest) = self.source.get(expr.posi() as usize..)
+                    && let Some(prev) = self.source.get(..expr.posi() as usize)
                 {
-                    if sep.is_empty() && insert_needed_semicolon(rest) {
+                    if sep.is_empty() && prev.trim_end().ends_with(';') {
                         f.write_str(";")?;
                     }
-                    if preserve_newlines(&self.source[..expr.posi() as usize]) > 1 {
+                    if count_trailing_newlines(prev) > 1 {
                         f.write_str("\n")?;
                     }
                 }
@@ -304,10 +307,6 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
         }
 
         match *expr {
-            Expr::Ct { value, .. } => {
-                f.write_str("$: ")?;
-                self.fmt(value, f)
-            }
             Expr::Defer { value, .. } => {
                 f.write_str("defer ")?;
                 self.fmt(value, f)
@@ -323,6 +322,16 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
                 f.write_str(".")?;
                 f.write_str(field)
             }
+            Expr::Range { start, end, .. } => {
+                if let Some(start) = start {
+                    self.fmt(start, f)?;
+                }
+                f.write_str("..")?;
+                if let Some(end) = end {
+                    self.fmt(end, f)?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
             Expr::Directive { name, args, .. } => {
                 f.write_str("@")?;
                 f.write_str(name)?;
@@ -339,10 +348,15 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
                     "struct",
                     trailing_comma,
                     fields,
-                    |s, StructField { name, ty, .. }, f| {
+                    |s, StructField { name, ty, default_value, .. }, f| {
                         f.write_str(name)?;
                         f.write_str(": ")?;
-                        s.fmt(ty, f)
+                        s.fmt(ty, f)?;
+                        if let Some(deva) = default_value {
+                            f.write_str(" = ")?;
+                            s.fmt(deva, f)?;
+                        }
+                        Ok(())
                     },
                 )
             }
@@ -351,7 +365,7 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
                 "union",
                 trailing_comma,
                 fields,
-                |s, StructField { name, ty, .. }, f| {
+                |s, UnionField { name, ty, .. }, f| {
                     f.write_str(name)?;
                     f.write_str(": ")?;
                     s.fmt(ty, f)
@@ -366,7 +380,7 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
             ),
             Expr::Ctor { ty, fields, trailing_comma, .. } => {
                 if let Some(ty) = ty {
-                    self.fmt_paren(ty, f, unary)?;
+                    self.fmt_paren(ty, f, postfix)?;
                 }
                 f.write_str(".{")?;
                 self.fmt_list(
@@ -385,38 +399,43 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
                     },
                 )
             }
-            Expr::Tupl {
+            Expr::List {
                 pos,
+                kind: term,
                 ty: Some(&Expr::Slice { pos: spos, size: Some(&Expr::Number { value, .. }), item }),
                 fields,
                 trailing_comma,
             } if value as usize == fields.len() => self.fmt(
-                &Expr::Tupl {
+                &Expr::List {
                     pos,
+                    kind: term,
                     ty: Some(&Expr::Slice { pos: spos, size: None, item }),
                     fields,
                     trailing_comma,
                 },
                 f,
             ),
-            Expr::Tupl { ty, fields, trailing_comma, .. } => {
+            Expr::List { ty, kind: term, fields, trailing_comma, .. } => {
                 if let Some(ty) = ty {
-                    self.fmt_paren(ty, f, unary)?;
+                    self.fmt_paren(ty, f, postfix)?;
                 }
-                f.write_str(".(")?;
+                let (start, end) = match term {
-                self.fmt_list(f, trailing_comma, ")", ",", fields, Self::fmt)
+                    ListKind::Tuple => (".(", ")"),
+                    ListKind::Array => (".[", "]"),
+                };
+                f.write_str(start)?;
+                self.fmt_list(f, trailing_comma, end, ",", fields, Self::fmt)
             }
             Expr::Slice { item, size, .. } => {
                 f.write_str("[")?;
-                self.fmt(item, f)?;
                 if let Some(size) = size {
-                    f.write_str("; ")?;
                     self.fmt(size, f)?;
                 }
-                f.write_str("]")
+                f.write_str("]")?;
+                self.fmt_paren(item, f, unary)
             }
             Expr::Index { base, index } => {
-                self.fmt(base, f)?;
+                self.fmt_paren(base, f, postfix)?;
                 f.write_str("[")?;
                 self.fmt(index, f)?;
                 f.write_str("]")
@@ -539,7 +558,7 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
                         prev.rfind(|c: char| c.is_ascii_whitespace()).map_or(prev.len(), |i| i + 1);
                     let exact_bound = lexer::Lexer::new(&prev[estimate_bound..]).last().start;
                     prev = &prev[..exact_bound as usize + estimate_bound];
-                    if preserve_newlines(prev) > 0 {
+                    if count_trailing_newlines(prev) > 0 {
                         f.write_str("\n")?;
                         for _ in 0..self.depth + 1 {
                             f.write_str("\t")?;
@@ -547,7 +566,9 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
                         f.write_str(op.name())?;
                         f.write_str(" ")?;
                     } else {
-                        f.write_str(" ")?;
+                        if op != TokenKind::Colon {
+                            f.write_str(" ")?;
+                        }
                         f.write_str(op.name())?;
                         f.write_str(" ")?;
                     }
@@ -562,15 +583,10 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn preserve_newlines(source: &str) -> usize {
+pub fn count_trailing_newlines(source: &str) -> usize {
     source[source.trim_end().len()..].bytes().filter(|&c| c == b'\n').count()
 }
 
-pub fn insert_needed_semicolon(source: &str) -> bool {
-    let kind = lexer::Lexer::new(source).eat().kind;
-    kind.precedence().is_some() || matches!(kind, TokenKind::Ctor | TokenKind::Tupl)
-}
-
 impl core::fmt::Display for parser::Ast {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt_file(self.exprs(), &self.file, f)
@@ -581,14 +597,14 @@ pub fn fmt_file(exprs: &[Expr], file: &str, f: &mut impl fmt::Write) -> fmt::Res
     for (i, expr) in exprs.iter().enumerate() {
         Formatter::new(file).fmt(expr, f)?;
         if let Some(expr) = exprs.get(i + 1)
-            && let Some(rest) = file.get(expr.pos() as usize..)
+            && let Some(prefix) = file.get(..expr.pos() as usize)
         {
-            if insert_needed_semicolon(rest) {
+            if prefix.trim_end().ends_with(';') {
-                write!(f, ";")?;
+                f.write_str(";")?;
             }
 
-            if preserve_newlines(&file[..expr.pos() as usize]) > 1 {
+            if count_trailing_newlines(prefix) > 1 {
-                writeln!(f)?;
+                f.write_str("\n")?;
             }
         }
 

lang/src/fs.rs

@@ -177,8 +177,9 @@ pub fn run_compiler(
 
         if options.dump_asm {
             let mut disasm = String::new();
-            codegen.disasm(&mut disasm, out).map_err(|e| io::Error::other(e.to_string()))?;
+            let err = codegen.disasm(&mut disasm, out).map_err(|e| io::Error::other(e.to_string()));
             *out = disasm.into_bytes();
+            err?
         }
     }
 

lang/src/lexer.rs

@@ -138,7 +138,9 @@ pub enum TokenKind {
 
     Ctor,
     Tupl,
+    Arr,
     TArrow,
+    Range,
 
     Or,
     And,
@@ -347,7 +349,9 @@ gen_token_kind! {
         #[punkt]
         Ctor   = ".{",
         Tupl   = ".(",
+        Arr    = ".[",
         TArrow = "=>",
+        Range  = "..",
         // #define OP: each `#[prec]` delimeters a level of precedence from lowest to highest
         #[ops]
         #[prec]
@@ -430,6 +434,19 @@ impl<'a> Lexer<'a> {
         Lexer { pos: self.pos, source: self.source }.eat()
     }
 
+    fn peek_n<const N: usize>(&self) -> Option<&[u8; N]> {
+        if core::intrinsics::unlikely(self.pos as usize + N > self.source.len()) {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(unsafe {
+                self.source
+                    .get_unchecked(self.pos as usize..self.pos as usize + N)
+                    .first_chunk()
+                    .unwrap_unchecked()
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
     fn peek(&self) -> Option<u8> {
         if core::intrinsics::unlikely(self.pos >= self.source.len() as u32) {
             None
@@ -498,7 +515,11 @@ impl<'a> Lexer<'a> {
                         self.advance();
                     }
 
-                    if self.advance_if(b'.') {
+                    if self
+                        .peek_n()
+                        .map_or_else(|| self.peek() == Some(b'.'), |&[a, b]| a == b'.' && b != b'.')
+                    {
+                        self.pos += 1;
                         while let Some(b'0'..=b'9') = self.peek() {
                             self.advance();
                         }
@@ -550,6 +571,8 @@ impl<'a> Lexer<'a> {
                 }
                 b'.' if self.advance_if(b'{') => T::Ctor,
                 b'.' if self.advance_if(b'(') => T::Tupl,
+                b'.' if self.advance_if(b'[') => T::Arr,
+                b'.' if self.advance_if(b'.') => T::Range,
                 b'=' if self.advance_if(b'>') => T::TArrow,
                 b'&' if self.advance_if(b'&') => T::And,
                 b'|' if self.advance_if(b'|') => T::Or,

lang/src/lib.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@
     iter_next_chunk,
     pointer_is_aligned_to,
     maybe_uninit_fill,
-    array_chunks
+    array_chunks,
+    array_windows
 )]
 #![warn(clippy::dbg_macro)]
 #![expect(internal_features)]
@@ -126,6 +127,8 @@ pub mod backend {
 mod utils;
 
 mod debug {
+    use core::fmt::Debug;
+
     pub fn panicking() -> bool {
         #[cfg(feature = "std")]
         {
@@ -138,14 +141,14 @@ mod debug {
     }
 
     #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, feature = "std"))]
-    pub type Trace = std::rc::Rc<std::backtrace::Backtrace>;
+    pub type Trace = std::rc::Rc<(std::backtrace::Backtrace, std::string::String)>;
     #[cfg(not(all(debug_assertions, feature = "std")))]
     pub type Trace = ();
 
-    pub fn trace() -> Trace {
+    pub fn trace(_hint: impl Debug) -> Trace {
         #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, feature = "std"))]
         {
-            std::rc::Rc::new(std::backtrace::Backtrace::capture())
+            std::rc::Rc::new((std::backtrace::Backtrace::capture(), format!("{_hint:?}")))
         }
         #[cfg(not(all(debug_assertions, feature = "std")))]
         {}

lang/src/nodes.rs

@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ impl Nodes {
                     debug_assert_ne!(next, 0);
                     if matches!(self[cursor].kind, Kind::Then | Kind::Else) {
                         debug_assert_eq!(self[next].kind, Kind::If);
+                        debug_assert_eq!(self[next].ty, ty::Id::VOID);
                         let other = self[next].outputs[(self[next].outputs[0] == cursor) as usize];
                         self[other].loop_depth.set(depth - 1);
                     }
@@ -168,12 +169,8 @@ impl Nodes {
         let mut deepest = self[node].inputs[0];
         for &inp in self[node].inputs[1..].iter() {
             if self.idepth(inp, Some(scheds)) > self.idepth(deepest, Some(scheds)) {
-                if self[inp].kind.is_call() {
+                debug_assert!(!self.is_cfg(inp));
-                    deepest = inp;
+                deepest = self.idom(inp, Some(scheds));
-                } else {
-                    debug_assert!(!self.is_cfg(inp));
-                    deepest = self.idom(inp, Some(scheds));
-                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -198,8 +195,8 @@ impl Nodes {
 
         for &node in rpo.iter().rev() {
             self.loop_depth(node, Some(scheds));
-            for i in 0..self[node].inputs.len() {
+            for &i in self[node].inputs.iter() {
-                self.push_up_impl(self[node].inputs[i], visited, scheds);
+                self.push_up_impl(i, visited, scheds);
             }
 
             if matches!(self[node].kind, Kind::Loop | Kind::Region) {
@@ -216,13 +213,13 @@ impl Nodes {
             self.iter()
                 .map(|(n, _)| n)
                 .filter(|&n| !visited.get(n)
-                    && !matches!(self[n].kind, Kind::Arg | Kind::Mem | Kind::Loops))
+                    && !matches!(self[n].kind, Kind::Arg | Kind::Mem | Kind::Loops | Kind::RetVal))
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             vec![],
             "{:?}",
             self.iter()
                 .filter(|&(n, nod)| !visited.get(n)
-                    && !matches!(nod.kind, Kind::Arg | Kind::Mem | Kind::Loops))
+                    && !matches!(nod.kind, Kind::Arg | Kind::Mem | Kind::Loops | Kind::RetVal))
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>()
         );
 
@@ -287,6 +284,7 @@ impl Nodes {
 
         let cfg_idx = outputs.iter().position(|&n| self.is_cfg(n)).unwrap();
         outputs.swap(cfg_idx, 0);
+
         for &o in outputs.iter() {
             if (!self.is_cfg(o)
                 && self[o].outputs.iter().any(|&oi| {
@@ -297,9 +295,7 @@ impl Nodes {
                 continue;
             }
             let mut cursor = buf.len();
-            for &o in outputs.iter().filter(|&&n| n == o) {
+            buf.push(o);
-                buf.push(o);
-            }
             while let Some(&n) = buf.get(cursor) {
                 for &i in &self[n].inputs[1..] {
                     if fromc == self[i].inputs.first()
@@ -310,15 +306,17 @@ impl Nodes {
                         })
                         && seen.set(i)
                     {
-                        for &o in outputs.iter().filter(|&&n| n == i) {
+                        buf.push(i);
-                            buf.push(o);
-                        }
                     }
                 }
                 cursor += 1;
             }
         }
 
+        buf[1..].sort_by_key(|&n| {
+            self[n].has_no_value() || !self[n].outputs.iter().all(|&o| self[o].kind == Kind::Phi)
+        });
+
         debug_assert_eq!(
             outputs.iter().filter(|&&n| !seen.get(n)).copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             vec![],
@@ -701,13 +699,13 @@ impl Nodes {
 
         if self.free == Nid::MAX {
             self.free = self.values.len() as _;
-            self.values.push(Err((Nid::MAX, debug::trace())));
+            self.values.push(Err((Nid::MAX, debug::trace(""))));
         }
 
         let free = self.free;
         for &d in node.inputs.as_slice() {
             debug_assert_ne!(d, free);
-            self.values[d as usize].as_mut().unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("{d}")).outputs.push(free);
+            self.values[d as usize].as_mut().unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("{d} ")).outputs.push(free);
         }
         self.free = mem::replace(&mut self.values[free as usize], Ok(node)).unwrap_err().0;
 
@@ -777,13 +775,11 @@ impl Nodes {
         }
 
         self.remove_node_lookup(target);
-
+        let trace = debug::trace(&self.values[target as usize]);
         if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
-            mem::replace(&mut self.values[target as usize], Err((Nid::MAX, debug::trace())))
+            mem::replace(&mut self.values[target as usize], Err((Nid::MAX, trace))).unwrap();
-                .unwrap();
         } else {
-            mem::replace(&mut self.values[target as usize], Err((self.free, debug::trace())))
+            mem::replace(&mut self.values[target as usize], Err((self.free, trace))).unwrap();
-                .unwrap();
             self.free = target;
         }
 
@@ -1565,6 +1561,7 @@ impl Nodes {
             K::Start => {}
             _ if self.is_cfg(target) && self.idom(target, None) == NEVER => panic!(),
             K::Entry
+            | K::RetVal
             | K::Mem
             | K::Loops
             | K::End
@@ -1638,6 +1635,7 @@ impl Nodes {
     }
 
     pub fn replace(&mut self, target: Nid, with: Nid) {
+        self.patch_aclass(target, with);
         debug_assert_ne!(target, with, "{:?}", self[target]);
         for out in self[target].outputs.clone() {
             let index = self[out].inputs.iter().position(|&p| p == target).unwrap();
@@ -1714,7 +1712,7 @@ impl Nodes {
             Kind::BinOp { op } | Kind::UnOp { op } => {
                 write!(out, "{:>4}:      ", op.name())
             }
-            Kind::Call { func, args: _ } => {
+            Kind::Call { func, args: _, unreachable: _ } => {
                 write!(out, "call: {func} {}  ", self[node].depth.get())
             }
             Kind::Global { global } => write!(out, "glob: {global:<5}"),
@@ -1727,6 +1725,7 @@ impl Nodes {
             Kind::Mem => write!(out, " mem:      "),
             Kind::Loops => write!(out, "loops:      "),
             Kind::Join => write!(out, "join:     "),
+            Kind::RetVal => write!(out, "rval:     "),
         }?;
 
         if self[node].kind != Kind::Loop && self[node].kind != Kind::Region {
@@ -1981,6 +1980,25 @@ impl Nodes {
             self[blocker].peep_triggers.push(target);
         }
     }
+
+    fn patch_aclass(&mut self, target: Nid, with: Nid) {
+        let (_, region) = self.aclass_index(target);
+        if region == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        fn patch_aclass_inner(s: &mut Nodes, root: Nid, with: Nid, matches: Nid) {
+            for out in s[root].outputs.clone() {
+                let (_, region) = s.aclass_index(out);
+                if region == matches {
+                    s.pass_aclass(with, out);
+                    patch_aclass_inner(s, out, with, matches);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        patch_aclass_inner(self, target, with, target);
+    }
 }
 
 impl ops::Index<Nid> for Nodes {
@@ -2050,8 +2068,7 @@ impl Node {
     }
 
     pub fn has_no_value(&self) -> bool {
-        (self.kind.is_cfg() && (!self.kind.is_call() || self.ty == ty::Id::VOID))
+        self.kind.is_cfg() || matches!(self.kind, Kind::Stre)
-            || matches!(self.kind, Kind::Stre)
     }
 }
 
@@ -2086,6 +2103,12 @@ pub enum Kind {
     Return {
         file: ty::Module,
     },
+    // [ctrl, ...args]
+    Call {
+        unreachable: bool,
+        func: ty::Func,
+        args: ty::List,
+    },
     // [ctrl]
     Die,
     // [ctrl]
@@ -2107,11 +2130,7 @@ pub enum Kind {
     Global {
         global: ty::Global,
     },
-    // [ctrl, ...args]
+    RetVal,
-    Call {
-        func: ty::Func,
-        args: ty::Tuple,
-    },
     // [ctrl, cond, value]
     Assert {
         kind: AssertKind,
@@ -2137,7 +2156,9 @@ impl Kind {
     }
 
     fn is_pinned(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_cfg() || self.is_at_start() || matches!(self, Self::Phi | Kind::Assert { .. })
+        self.is_cfg()
+            || self.is_at_start()
+            || matches!(self, Self::Phi | Self::Assert { .. } | Self::RetVal)
     }
 
     fn is_at_start(&self) -> bool {
@@ -2163,6 +2184,7 @@ impl Kind {
 
     fn ends_basic_block(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, Self::Return { .. } | Self::If | Self::End | Self::Die)
+            || matches!(self, Kind::Call { unreachable: true, .. })
     }
 
     pub fn starts_basic_block(&self) -> bool {

lang/src/parser.rs

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub enum FileKind {
     Embed,
 }
 
-trait Trans {
+pub trait Trans {
     fn trans(self) -> Self;
 }
 
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ struct ScopeIdent {
     declared: bool,
     ordered: bool,
     used: bool,
+    is_ct: bool,
     flags: IdentFlags,
 }
 
@@ -196,8 +197,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
 
     fn declare_rec(&mut self, expr: &Expr, top_level: bool) {
         match *expr {
-            Expr::Ident { pos, id, is_first, .. } => {
+            Expr::Ident { pos, id, is_first, is_ct, .. } => {
-                self.declare(pos, id, !top_level, is_first || top_level)
+                self.declare(pos, id, !top_level, is_first || top_level, is_ct)
             }
             Expr::Ctor { fields, .. } => {
                 for CtorField { value, .. } in fields {
@@ -208,7 +209,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn declare(&mut self, pos: Pos, id: Ident, ordered: bool, valid_order: bool) {
+    fn declare(&mut self, pos: Pos, id: Ident, ordered: bool, valid_order: bool, is_ct: bool) {
         if !valid_order {
             self.report(
                 pos,
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
             );
             return;
         }
-
+        self.ctx.idents[index].is_ct = is_ct;
         self.ctx.idents[index].ordered = ordered;
     }
 
@@ -267,6 +268,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
                     declared: false,
                     used: false,
                     ordered: false,
+                    is_ct: false,
                     flags: 0,
                 });
                 (self.ctx.idents.len() - 1, self.ctx.idents.last_mut().unwrap(), true)
@@ -276,7 +278,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
         id.flags |= idfl::COMPTIME * is_ct as u32;
         if id.declared && id.ordered && self.ns_bound > i {
             id.flags |= idfl::COMPTIME;
-            self.ctx.captured.push(id.ident);
+            self.ctx.captured.push(CapturedIdent { id: id.ident, is_ct: id.is_ct });
         }
 
         (id.ident, bl)
@@ -287,6 +289,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     fn unit_expr(&mut self) -> Option<Expr<'a>> {
+        self.unit_expr_low(true)
+    }
+
+    fn unit_expr_low(&mut self, eat_tail: bool) -> Option<Expr<'a>> {
         use {Expr as E, TokenKind as T};
 
         if matches!(
@@ -302,7 +308,6 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
         let prev_captured = self.ctx.captured.len();
         let mut must_trail = false;
         let mut expr = match token.kind {
-            T::Ct => E::Ct { pos, value: self.ptr_expr()? },
             T::Defer => E::Defer { pos, value: self.ptr_expr()? },
             T::Slf => E::Slf { pos },
             T::Directive if self.lexer.slice(token.range()) == "use" => {
@@ -378,10 +383,15 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
                     }
                     let name = s.expect_advance(T::Ident)?;
                     s.expect_advance(T::Colon)?;
+                    let (ty, default_value) = match s.expr()? {
+                        Expr::BinOp { left, op: T::Assign, right, .. } => (*left, Some(*right)),
+                        ty => (ty, None),
+                    };
                     Some(Some(StructField {
                         pos: name.start,
                         name: s.tok_str(name),
-                        ty: s.expr()?,
+                        ty,
+                        default_value,
                     }))
                 })?,
                 captured: self.collect_captures(prev_boundary, prev_captured),
@@ -395,11 +405,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
                     }
                     let name = s.expect_advance(T::Ident)?;
                     s.expect_advance(T::Colon)?;
-                    Some(Some(StructField {
+                    Some(Some(UnionField { pos: name.start, name: s.tok_str(name), ty: s.expr()? }))
-                        pos: name.start,
-                        name: s.tok_str(name),
-                        ty: s.expr()?,
-                    }))
                 })?,
                 captured: self.collect_captures(prev_boundary, prev_captured),
                 trailing_comma: core::mem::take(&mut self.trailing_sep) || must_trail,
@@ -467,7 +473,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
                     self.collect_list(T::Comma, T::RParen, |s| {
                         let name = s.advance_ident()?;
                         let (id, _) = s.resolve_ident(name);
-                        s.declare(name.start, id, true, true);
+                        s.declare(name.start, id, true, true, name.kind == T::CtIdent);
                         s.expect_advance(T::Colon)?;
                         Some(Arg {
                             pos: name.start,
@@ -485,14 +491,20 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
                 body: self.ptr_expr()?,
             },
             T::Ctor => self.ctor(pos, None),
-            T::Tupl => self.tupl(pos, None),
+            T::Tupl => self.tupl(pos, None, ListKind::Tuple),
+            T::Arr => self.tupl(pos, None, ListKind::Array),
             T::LBrack => E::Slice {
-                item: self.ptr_unit_expr()?,
+                size: {
-                size: self.advance_if(T::Semi).then(|| self.ptr_expr()).trans()?,
+                    if self.advance_if(T::RBrack) {
-                pos: {
+                        None
-                    self.expect_advance(T::RBrack)?;
+                    } else {
-                    pos
+                        let adv = self.ptr_expr()?;
+                        self.expect_advance(T::RBrack)?;
+                        Some(adv)
+                    }
                 },
+                item: self.arena.alloc(self.unit_expr_low(false)?),
+                pos,
             },
             T::Band | T::Mul | T::Xor | T::Sub | T::Que | T::Not | T::Dot => E::UnOp {
                 pos,
@@ -544,37 +556,84 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
             tok => self.report(token.start, format_args!("unexpected token: {tok}"))?,
         };
 
-        loop {
+        if eat_tail {
-            let token = self.token;
+            loop {
-            if matches!(token.kind, T::LParen | T::Ctor | T::Dot | T::Tupl | T::LBrack) {
+                let token = self.token;
-                self.next();
+                if matches!(
-            }
+                    token.kind,
+                    T::LParen | T::Ctor | T::Dot | T::Tupl | T::Arr | T::LBrack | T::Colon
+                ) {
+                    self.next();
+                }
 
-            expr = match token.kind {
+                expr = match token.kind {
-                T::LParen => Expr::Call {
+                    T::LParen => Expr::Call {
-                    func: self.arena.alloc(expr),
+                        func: self.arena.alloc(expr),
-                    args: self.collect_list(T::Comma, T::RParen, Self::expr),
+                        args: self.collect_list(T::Comma, T::RParen, Self::expr),
-                    trailing_comma: core::mem::take(&mut self.trailing_sep),
+                        trailing_comma: core::mem::take(&mut self.trailing_sep),
-                },
-                T::Ctor => self.ctor(token.start, Some(expr)),
-                T::Tupl => self.tupl(token.start, Some(expr)),
-                T::LBrack => E::Index {
-                    base: self.arena.alloc(expr),
-                    index: {
-                        let index = self.expr()?;
-                        self.expect_advance(T::RBrack)?;
-                        self.arena.alloc(index)
                     },
-                },
+                    T::Ctor => self.ctor(token.start, Some(expr)),
-                T::Dot => E::Field {
+                    T::Tupl => self.tupl(token.start, Some(expr), ListKind::Tuple),
-                    target: self.arena.alloc(expr),
+                    T::Arr => self.tupl(token.start, Some(expr), ListKind::Array),
-                    pos: token.start,
+                    T::LBrack => E::Index {
-                    name: {
+                        base: self.arena.alloc(expr),
-                        let token = self.expect_advance(T::Ident)?;
+                        index: self.arena.alloc({
-                        self.tok_str(token)
+                            if self.advance_if(T::Range) {
+                                let pos = self.token.start;
+                                if self.advance_if(T::RBrack) {
+                                    Expr::Range { pos, start: None, end: None }
+                                } else {
+                                    let res = Expr::Range {
+                                        pos,
+                                        start: None,
+                                        end: Some(self.ptr_expr()?),
+                                    };
+                                    self.expect_advance(T::RBrack)?;
+                                    res
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                let start = self.expr()?;
+
+                                let pos = self.token.start;
+                                if self.advance_if(T::Range) {
+                                    let start = self.arena.alloc(start);
+                                    if self.advance_if(T::RBrack) {
+                                        Expr::Range { pos, start: Some(start), end: None }
+                                    } else {
+                                        let res = Expr::Range {
+                                            pos,
+                                            start: Some(start),
+                                            end: Some(self.ptr_expr()?),
+                                        };
+                                        self.expect_advance(T::RBrack)?;
+                                        res
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    self.expect_advance(T::RBrack)?;
+                                    start
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }),
                     },
-                },
+                    T::Colon => E::BinOp {
-                _ => break,
+                        left: {
+                            self.declare_rec(&expr, false);
+                            self.arena.alloc(expr)
+                        },
+                        pos,
+                        op: T::Colon,
+                        right: self.ptr_expr()?,
+                    },
+                    T::Dot => E::Field {
+                        target: self.arena.alloc(expr),
+                        pos: token.start,
+                        name: {
+                            let token = self.expect_advance(T::Ident)?;
+                            self.tok_str(token)
+                        },
+                    },
+                    _ => break,
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -585,11 +644,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
         Some(expr)
     }
 
-    fn tupl(&mut self, pos: Pos, ty: Option<Expr<'a>>) -> Expr<'a> {
+    fn tupl(&mut self, pos: Pos, ty: Option<Expr<'a>>, kind: ListKind) -> Expr<'a> {
-        Expr::Tupl {
+        Expr::List {
             pos,
+            kind,
             ty: ty.map(|ty| self.arena.alloc(ty)),
-            fields: self.collect_list(TokenKind::Comma, TokenKind::RParen, Self::expr),
+            fields: self.collect_list(TokenKind::Comma, kind.term(), Self::expr),
             trailing_comma: core::mem::take(&mut self.trailing_sep),
         }
     }
@@ -639,7 +699,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
         }))
     }
 
-    fn collect_captures(&mut self, prev_captured: usize, prev_boundary: usize) -> &'a [Ident] {
+    fn collect_captures(
+        &mut self,
+        prev_captured: usize,
+        prev_boundary: usize,
+    ) -> &'a [CapturedIdent] {
         self.ns_bound = prev_boundary;
         let captured = &mut self.ctx.captured[prev_captured..];
         crate::quad_sort(captured, core::cmp::Ord::cmp);
@@ -704,7 +768,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
     ) -> &'a [T] {
         let mut trailing_sep = false;
         let mut view = self.ctx.stack.view();
-        'o: while (keep_end && self.token.kind != end) || (!keep_end && !self.advance_if(end)) {
+        'o: while (keep_end && self.token.kind != end)
+            || (!keep_end && !self.advance_if(end)) && self.token.kind != TokenKind::Eof
+        {
             let val = match f(self) {
                 Some(val) => val,
                 None => {
@@ -777,6 +843,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
     #[track_caller]
     fn report(&mut self, pos: Pos, msg: impl fmt::Display) -> Option<!> {
         if log::log_enabled!(log::Level::Error) {
+            if self.ctx.errors.get_mut().len() > 1024 * 10 {
+                panic!("{}", self.ctx.errors.get_mut());
+            }
             use core::fmt::Write;
             writeln!(
                 self.ctx.errors.get_mut(),
@@ -790,15 +859,19 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Parser<'a, 'b> {
 
     fn flag_idents(&mut self, e: Expr<'a>, flags: IdentFlags) {
         match e {
-            Expr::Ident { id, .. } => find_ident(&mut self.ctx.idents, id).flags |= flags,
+            Expr::Ident { id, .. } => {
+                if let Some(f) = find_ident(&mut self.ctx.idents, id) {
+                    f.flags |= flags;
+                }
+            }
             Expr::Field { target, .. } => self.flag_idents(*target, flags),
             _ => {}
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn find_ident(idents: &mut [ScopeIdent], id: Ident) -> &mut ScopeIdent {
+fn find_ident(idents: &mut [ScopeIdent], id: Ident) -> Option<&mut ScopeIdent> {
-    idents.binary_search_by_key(&id, |si| si.ident).map(|i| &mut idents[i]).unwrap()
+    idents.binary_search_by_key(&id, |si| si.ident).map(|i| &mut idents[i]).ok()
 }
 
 pub fn find_symbol(symbols: &[Symbol], id: Ident) -> &Symbol {
@@ -879,11 +952,6 @@ generate_expr! {
     /// `OP := grep for `#define OP:`
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
     pub enum Expr<'a> {
-        /// `'ct' Expr`
-        Ct {
-            pos: Pos,
-            value: &'a Self,
-        },
         /// `'defer' Expr`
         Defer {
             pos: Pos,
@@ -998,22 +1066,22 @@ generate_expr! {
         Struct {
             pos:      Pos,
             fields:   FieldList<'a, StructField<'a>>,
-            captured: &'a [Ident],
+            captured: &'a [CapturedIdent],
             trailing_comma: bool,
             packed: bool,
         },
         /// `'union' LIST('{', ',', '}', Ident ':' Expr)`
         Union {
             pos:      Pos,
-            fields:   FieldList<'a, StructField<'a>>,
+            fields:   FieldList<'a, UnionField<'a>>,
-            captured: &'a [Ident],
+            captured: &'a [CapturedIdent],
             trailing_comma: bool,
         },
         /// `'enum' LIST('{', ',', '}', Ident)`
         Enum {
             pos:      Pos,
             variants:   FieldList<'a, EnumField<'a>>,
-            captured: &'a [Ident],
+            captured: &'a [CapturedIdent],
             trailing_comma: bool,
         },
         /// `[Expr] LIST('.{', ',', '}', Ident [':' Expr])`
@@ -1024,8 +1092,9 @@ generate_expr! {
             trailing_comma: bool,
         },
         /// `[Expr] LIST('.(', ',', ')', Ident [':' Expr])`
-        Tupl {
+        List {
             pos:    Pos,
+            kind:   ListKind,
             ty:     Option<&'a Self>,
             fields: &'a [Self],
             trailing_comma: bool,
@@ -1041,6 +1110,12 @@ generate_expr! {
             base: &'a Self,
             index: &'a Self,
         },
+        /// `[ Expr ] .. [ Expr ]`
+        Range {
+            pos: u32,
+            start: Option<&'a Self>,
+            end: Option<&'a Self>,
+        },
         /// `Expr '.' Ident`
         Field {
             target: &'a Self,
@@ -1086,6 +1161,26 @@ generate_expr! {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct CapturedIdent {
+    pub id: Ident,
+    pub is_ct: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ListKind {
+    Tuple,
+    Array,
+}
+impl ListKind {
+    fn term(self) -> TokenKind {
+        match self {
+            ListKind::Tuple => TokenKind::RParen,
+            ListKind::Array => TokenKind::RBrack,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Expr<'_> {
     pub fn declares(&self, iden: DeclId, source: &str) -> Option<Ident> {
         match *self {
@@ -1158,11 +1253,25 @@ impl Poser for EnumField<'_> {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub struct UnionField<'a> {
+    pub pos: Pos,
+    pub name: &'a str,
+    pub ty: Expr<'a>,
+}
+
+impl Poser for UnionField<'_> {
+    fn posi(&self) -> Pos {
+        self.pos
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub struct StructField<'a> {
     pub pos: Pos,
     pub name: &'a str,
     pub ty: Expr<'a>,
+    pub default_value: Option<Expr<'a>>,
 }
 
 impl Poser for StructField<'_> {
@@ -1227,9 +1336,9 @@ pub enum CommentOr<'a, T> {
     Comment { literal: &'a str, pos: Pos },
 }
 
-impl<T: Copy> CommentOr<'_, T> {
+impl<T> CommentOr<'_, T> {
-    pub fn or(&self) -> Option<T> {
+    pub fn or(&self) -> Option<&T> {
-        match *self {
+        match self {
             CommentOr::Or(v) => Some(v),
             CommentOr::Comment { .. } => None,
         }
@@ -1260,7 +1369,7 @@ pub struct Ctx {
     symbols: Vec<Symbol>,
     stack: StackAlloc,
     idents: Vec<ScopeIdent>,
-    captured: Vec<Ident>,
+    captured: Vec<CapturedIdent>,
 }
 
 impl Ctx {
@@ -1414,7 +1523,7 @@ pub fn find_decl<'a>(
     id: DeclId,
 ) -> Option<(&'a Expr<'a>, Ident)> {
     exprs.iter().find_map(|expr| match expr {
-        Expr::BinOp { left, op: TokenKind::Decl, .. } => {
+        Expr::BinOp { left, op: TokenKind::Decl | TokenKind::Colon, .. } => {
             left.declares(id, file).map(|id| (expr, id))
         }
         _ => None,

lang/src/ty.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use {
     crate::{
         ctx_map,
         lexer::TokenKind,
-        parser::{self, CommentOr, Expr, ExprRef, Pos},
+        parser::{self, CapturedIdent, CommentOr, Expr, ExprRef, Pos},
         utils::{self, Ent, EntSlice, EntVec},
         Ident,
     },
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ pub type Offset = u32;
 pub type Size = u32;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, Default, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub struct Tuple(pub u32);
+pub struct List(pub u32);
 
-impl Tuple {
+impl List {
     const LEN_BITS: u32 = 5;
     const LEN_MASK: usize = Self::MAX_LEN - 1;
     const MAX_LEN: usize = 1 << Self::LEN_BITS;
@@ -104,6 +104,12 @@ impl ArgIter {
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Debug, Hash)]
 pub struct Id(NonZeroU32);
 
+impl AsRef<Id> for Id {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Id {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<Id> for i64 {
     fn from(value: Id) -> Self {
         value.0.get() as _
@@ -150,6 +156,7 @@ impl crate::ctx_map::CtxEntry for Id {
                 SymKey::Decl(gb.file.into(), gb.name)
             }
             Kind::Slice(s) => SymKey::Array(&ctx.slices[s]),
+            Kind::Tuple(t) => SymKey::Tuple(ctx.tuples[t].fields),
             Kind::Module(_) | Kind::Builtin(_) => {
                 SymKey::Decl(Module::default().into(), Ident::INVALID)
             }
@@ -184,11 +191,13 @@ impl Id {
     }
 
     pub fn is_unsigned(self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.repr(), U8..=UINT) || self.is_never()
+        matches!(self.repr(), U8..=UINT)
+            || self.is_never()
+            || matches!(self.expand(), Kind::Enum(_))
     }
 
     pub fn is_integer(self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.repr(), U8..=INT) || self.is_never()
+        self.is_signed() || self.is_unsigned()
     }
 
     pub fn is_never(self) -> bool {
@@ -264,22 +273,19 @@ impl Id {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn loc(&self, tys: &Types) -> Loc {
+        use Kind as K;
         match self.expand() {
-            Kind::Opt(o)
+            K::Opt(o)
                 if let ty = tys.ins.opts[o].base
                     && ty.loc(tys) == Loc::Reg
                     && (ty.is_pointer() || tys.size_of(ty) < 8) =>
             {
                 Loc::Reg
             }
-            Kind::Ptr(_) | Kind::Enum(_) | Kind::Builtin(_) => Loc::Reg,
+            K::Ptr(_) | K::Enum(_) | K::Builtin(_) => Loc::Reg,
-            Kind::Struct(_) | Kind::Union(_) if tys.size_of(*self) == 0 => Loc::Reg,
+            K::Struct(_) | K::Tuple(_) | K::Union(_) if tys.size_of(*self) == 0 => Loc::Reg,
-            Kind::Struct(_) | Kind::Union(_) | Kind::Slice(_) | Kind::Opt(_) => Loc::Stack,
+            K::Struct(_) | K::Tuple(_) | K::Union(_) | K::Slice(_) | K::Opt(_) => Loc::Stack,
-            c @ (Kind::Func(_)
+            c @ (K::Func(_) | K::Global(_) | K::Module(_) | K::Const(_) | K::Template(_)) => {
-            | Kind::Global(_)
-            | Kind::Module(_)
-            | Kind::Const(_)
-            | Kind::Template(_)) => {
                 unreachable!("{c:?}")
             }
         }
@@ -380,6 +386,7 @@ builtin_type! {
     INT;
     F32;
     F64;
+    ANY_TYPE;
 }
 
 macro_rules! type_kind {
@@ -414,6 +421,12 @@ macro_rules! type_kind {
             }
         }
 
+        impl Id {
+            pub fn kind(self) -> u8 {
+                (self.repr() >> $name::FLAG_OFFSET) as _
+            }
+        }
+
         $(
             impl From<$variant> for $name {
                 fn from(value: $variant) -> Self {
@@ -441,6 +454,7 @@ type_kind! {
     pub enum Kind {
         Builtin,
         Struct,
+        Tuple,
         Enum,
         Union,
         Ptr,
@@ -449,8 +463,8 @@ type_kind! {
         Func,
         Template,
         Global,
-        Module,
         Const,
+        Module,
     }
 }
 
@@ -505,31 +519,31 @@ impl<'a> Display<'a> {
 
 impl core::fmt::Display for Display<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
-        use Kind as TK;
+        use Kind as K;
-        match TK::from_ty(self.ty) {
+        match K::from_ty(self.ty) {
-            TK::Module(idx) => {
+            K::Module(idx) => {
                 f.write_str("@use(\"")?;
                 self.files[idx].path.fmt(f)?;
                 f.write_str(")[")?;
                 idx.fmt(f)?;
                 f.write_str("]")
             }
-            TK::Builtin(ty) => f.write_str(to_str(ty)),
+            K::Builtin(ty) => f.write_str(to_str(ty)),
-            TK::Opt(ty) => {
+            K::Opt(ty) => {
                 f.write_str("?")?;
                 self.rety(self.tys.ins.opts[ty].base).fmt(f)
             }
-            TK::Ptr(ty) => {
+            K::Ptr(ty) => {
                 f.write_str("^")?;
                 self.rety(self.tys.ins.ptrs[ty].base).fmt(f)
             }
-            TK::Struct(idx) => {
+            K::Struct(idx) => {
                 let record = &self.tys.ins.structs[idx];
                 if record.name.is_null() {
                     f.write_str("[")?;
                     idx.fmt(f)?;
                     f.write_str("]{")?;
-                    for (i, &StructField { name, ty }) in
+                    for (i, &StructField { name, ty, .. }) in
                         self.tys.struct_fields(idx).iter().enumerate()
                     {
                         if i != 0 {
@@ -545,13 +559,25 @@ impl core::fmt::Display for Display<'_> {
                     f.write_str(file.ident_str(record.name))
                 }
             }
-            TK::Union(idx) => {
+            K::Tuple(idx) => {
+                f.write_str(".(")?;
+                for (i, &ty) in
+                    self.tys.ins.args[self.tys.ins.tuples[idx].fields.range()].iter().enumerate()
+                {
+                    if i != 0 {
+                        f.write_str(", ")?;
+                    }
+                    self.rety(ty).fmt(f)?;
+                }
+                f.write_str(")")
+            }
+            K::Union(idx) => {
                 let record = &self.tys.ins.unions[idx];
                 if record.name.is_null() {
                     f.write_str("[")?;
                     idx.fmt(f)?;
                     f.write_str("]{")?;
-                    for (i, &StructField { name, ty }) in
+                    for (i, &UnionField { name, ty }) in
                         self.tys.union_fields(idx).iter().enumerate()
                     {
                         if i != 0 {
@@ -567,37 +593,36 @@ impl core::fmt::Display for Display<'_> {
                     f.write_str(file.ident_str(record.name))
                 }
             }
-            TK::Enum(idx) => {
+            K::Enum(idx) => {
                 let enm = &self.tys.ins.enums[idx];
                 debug_assert!(!enm.name.is_null());
                 let file = &self.files[enm.file];
                 f.write_str(file.ident_str(enm.name))
             }
-            TK::Func(idx) => {
+            K::Func(idx) => {
                 f.write_str("fn")?;
                 idx.fmt(f)
             }
-            TK::Template(idx) => {
+            K::Template(idx) => {
                 f.write_str("fn")?;
                 idx.fmt(f)
             }
-            TK::Global(idx) => {
+            K::Global(idx) => {
                 let global = &self.tys.ins.globals[idx];
                 let file = &self.files[global.file];
                 f.write_str(file.ident_str(global.name))?;
                 f.write_str(" (global)")
             }
-            TK::Slice(idx) => {
+            K::Slice(idx) => {
                 let array = self.tys.ins.slices[idx];
                 f.write_str("[")?;
-                self.rety(array.elem).fmt(f)?;
+                if let Some(len) = array.len() {
-                if array.len != ArrayLen::MAX {
+                    len.fmt(f)?;
-                    f.write_str("; ")?;
-                    array.len.fmt(f)?;
                 }
-                f.write_str("]")
+                f.write_str("]")?;
+                self.rety(array.elem).fmt(f)
             }
-            TK::Const(idx) => {
+            K::Const(idx) => {
                 let cnst = &self.tys.ins.consts[idx];
                 let file = &self.files[cnst.file];
                 f.write_str(file.ident_str(cnst.name))?;
@@ -609,9 +634,10 @@ impl core::fmt::Display for Display<'_> {
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum SymKey<'a> {
+    Tuple(List),
     Pointer(&'a PtrData),
     Optional(&'a OptData),
-    Type(Id, Pos, Tuple),
+    Type(Id, Pos, List),
     Decl(Id, Ident),
     Array(&'a ArrayData),
     Constant(&'a ConstData),
@@ -619,7 +645,7 @@ pub enum SymKey<'a> {
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Default)]
 pub struct Sig {
-    pub args: Tuple,
+    pub args: List,
     pub ret: Id,
 }
 
@@ -713,7 +739,7 @@ pub struct TypeBase {
     pub pos: Pos,
     pub name: Ident,
     pub field_start: u32,
-    pub captured: Tuple,
+    pub captured: List,
     pub ast: ExprRef,
 }
 
@@ -724,6 +750,11 @@ pub struct EnumData {
 
 impl_deref!(EnumData { base: TypeBase });
 
+pub struct UnionField {
+    pub name: Ident,
+    pub ty: Id,
+}
+
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct UnionData {
     pub base: TypeBase,
@@ -736,6 +767,7 @@ impl_deref!(UnionData { base: TypeBase });
 pub struct StructField {
     pub name: Ident,
     pub ty: Id,
+    pub default_value: Option<Const>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -749,6 +781,13 @@ pub struct StructData {
 
 impl_deref!(StructData { base: TypeBase });
 
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct TupleData {
+    pub fields: List,
+    pub size: Cell<Size>,
+    pub align: Cell<u8>,
+}
+
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct OptData {
     pub base: Id,
@@ -818,6 +857,7 @@ impl IdentInterner {
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct TypesTmp {
     pub struct_fields: Vec<StructField>,
+    pub union_fields: Vec<UnionField>,
     pub enum_fields: Vec<EnumField>,
     pub args: Vec<Id>,
 }
@@ -826,6 +866,7 @@ pub struct TypesTmp {
 pub struct TypeIns {
     pub args: Vec<Id>,
     pub struct_fields: Vec<StructField>,
+    pub union_fields: Vec<UnionField>,
     pub enum_fields: Vec<EnumField>,
     pub funcs: EntVec<Func, FuncData>,
     pub templates: EntVec<Template, TemplateData>,
@@ -837,6 +878,7 @@ pub struct TypeIns {
     pub ptrs: EntVec<Ptr, PtrData>,
     pub opts: EntVec<Opt, OptData>,
     pub slices: EntVec<Slice, ArrayData>,
+    pub tuples: EntVec<Tuple, TupleData>,
 }
 
 pub struct FTask {
@@ -880,6 +922,7 @@ impl Types {
             | Kind::Builtin(_)
             | Kind::Ptr(_)
             | Kind::Slice(_)
+            | Kind::Tuple(_)
             | Kind::Opt(_) => utils::is_pascal_case,
             Kind::Func(f)
                 if let &Expr::Closure { ret: &Expr::Ident { id, .. }, .. } =
@@ -902,23 +945,23 @@ impl Types {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn pack_args(&mut self, arg_base: usize) -> Option<Tuple> {
+    pub fn pack_args(&mut self, arg_base: usize) -> Option<List> {
         let base = self.ins.args.len();
         self.ins.args.extend(self.tmp.args.drain(arg_base..));
         let needle = &self.ins.args[base..];
         if needle.is_empty() {
-            return Some(Tuple::empty());
+            return Some(List::empty());
         }
         let len = needle.len();
         // FIXME: maybe later when this becomes a bottleneck we use more
         // efficient search (SIMD?, indexing?)
         let sp = self.ins.args.windows(needle.len()).position(|val| val == needle).unwrap();
         self.ins.args.truncate((sp + needle.len()).max(base));
-        Tuple::new(sp, len)
+        List::new(sp, len)
     }
 
-    pub fn union_fields(&self, union: Union) -> &[StructField] {
+    pub fn union_fields(&self, union: Union) -> &[UnionField] {
-        &self.ins.struct_fields[self.union_field_range(union)]
+        &self.ins.union_fields[self.union_field_range(union)]
     }
 
     fn union_field_range(&self, union: Union) -> Range<usize> {
@@ -927,7 +970,7 @@ impl Types {
             .ins
             .unions
             .next(union)
-            .map_or(self.ins.struct_fields.len(), |s| s.field_start as usize);
+            .map_or(self.ins.union_fields.len(), |s| s.field_start as usize);
         start..end
     }
 
@@ -935,7 +978,7 @@ impl Types {
         &self.ins.struct_fields[self.struct_field_range(strct)]
     }
 
-    fn struct_field_range(&self, strct: Struct) -> Range<usize> {
+    pub fn struct_field_range(&self, strct: Struct) -> Range<usize> {
         let start = self.ins.structs[strct].field_start as usize;
         let end = self
             .ins
@@ -997,6 +1040,16 @@ impl Types {
                 self.ins.structs[stru].size.set(oiter.offset);
                 oiter.offset
             }
+            Kind::Tuple(tuple) => {
+                if self.ins.tuples[tuple].size.get() != 0 {
+                    return self.ins.tuples[tuple].size.get();
+                }
+
+                let mut oiter = OffsetIter::new(tuple, self);
+                while oiter.next(self).is_some() {}
+                self.ins.tuples[tuple].size.set(oiter.offset);
+                oiter.offset
+            }
             Kind::Union(union) => {
                 if self.ins.unions[union].size.get() != 0 {
                     return self.ins.unions[union].size.get();
@@ -1016,8 +1069,12 @@ impl Types {
                     self.size_of(base) + self.align_of(base)
                 }
             }
-            _ if let Some(size) = ty.simple_size() => size,
+            Kind::Ptr(_) | Kind::Builtin(_) => ty.simple_size().unwrap(),
-            ty => unimplemented!("size_of: {:?}", ty),
+            Kind::Func(_)
+            | Kind::Template(_)
+            | Kind::Global(_)
+            | Kind::Const(_)
+            | Kind::Module(_) => unreachable!(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1049,6 +1106,15 @@ impl Types {
                 self.ins.structs[stru].align.set(align.try_into().unwrap());
                 align
             }
+            Kind::Tuple(tuple) => {
+                if self.ins.tuples[tuple].align.get() != 0 {
+                    return self.ins.tuples[tuple].align.get() as _;
+                }
+                let align =
+                    self.tuple_fields(tuple).iter().map(|&f| self.align_of(f)).max().unwrap_or(1);
+                self.ins.tuples[tuple].align.set(align.try_into().unwrap());
+                align
+            }
             Kind::Slice(arr) => {
                 let arr = &self.ins.slices[arr];
                 match arr.len {
@@ -1056,7 +1122,14 @@ impl Types {
                     _ => self.align_of(arr.elem),
                 }
             }
-            _ => self.size_of(ty).max(1),
+            Kind::Opt(opt) => self.align_of(self.ins.opts[opt].base),
+            Kind::Builtin(_) | Kind::Enum(_) | Kind::Ptr(_) => self.size_of(ty),
+            Kind::Func(_)
+            | Kind::Template(_)
+            | Kind::Global(_)
+            | Kind::Const(_)
+            | Kind::Module(_) => unreachable!(),
+            //_ => self.size_of(ty).max(1),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1103,7 +1176,7 @@ impl Types {
         self.struct_fields(s).iter().position(|f| f.name == name)
     }
 
-    pub fn find_union_field(&self, u: Union, name: &str) -> Option<(usize, &StructField)> {
+    pub fn find_union_field(&self, u: Union, name: &str) -> Option<(usize, &UnionField)> {
         let name = self.names.project(name)?;
         self.union_fields(u).iter().enumerate().find(|(_, f)| f.name == name)
     }
@@ -1118,10 +1191,14 @@ impl Types {
         self.ins.globals.clear();
         self.ins.structs.clear();
         self.ins.struct_fields.clear();
+        self.ins.union_fields.clear();
+        self.ins.enum_fields.clear();
         self.ins.ptrs.clear();
         self.ins.slices.clear();
 
         debug_assert_eq!(self.tmp.struct_fields.len(), 0);
+        debug_assert_eq!(self.tmp.union_fields.len(), 0);
+        debug_assert_eq!(self.tmp.enum_fields.len(), 0);
         debug_assert_eq!(self.tmp.args.len(), 0);
 
         debug_assert_eq!(self.tasks.len(), 0);
@@ -1140,6 +1217,7 @@ impl Types {
             | Kind::Template(_)
             | Kind::Global(_)
             | Kind::Module(_)
+            | Kind::Tuple(_)
             | Kind::Const(_) => return None,
         })
     }
@@ -1165,7 +1243,11 @@ impl Types {
         self.type_base_of(ty).map(|b| b.parent)
     }
 
-    pub fn captures_of<'a>(&self, ty: Id, file: &'a parser::Ast) -> Option<(&'a [Ident], Tuple)> {
+    pub fn captures_of<'a>(
+        &self,
+        ty: Id,
+        file: &'a parser::Ast,
+    ) -> Option<(&'a [CapturedIdent], List)> {
         let base = self.type_base_of(ty)?;
 
         let (Expr::Struct { captured, .. }
@@ -1181,10 +1263,28 @@ impl Types {
     pub fn len_of(&self, ty: Id) -> Option<u32> {
         Some(match ty.expand() {
             Kind::Struct(s) => self.struct_field_range(s).len() as _,
+            Kind::Tuple(s) => self.ins.tuples[s].fields.len() as _,
             Kind::Slice(s) => self.ins.slices[s].len()? as _,
             _ => return None,
         })
     }
+
+    pub fn name_of(&self, ty: Id, files: &EntSlice<Module, parser::Ast>, data: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        use core::fmt::Write;
+        let str = unsafe { core::mem::transmute::<&mut Vec<u8>, &mut String>(data) };
+        write!(str, "{}", Display::new(self, files, ty)).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    pub fn tuple_fields(&self, tuple: Tuple) -> &[Id] {
+        &self.ins.args[self.ins.tuples[tuple].fields.range()]
+    }
+
+    pub fn elem_of(&self, ty: Id) -> Option<Id> {
+        match ty.expand() {
+            Kind::Slice(s) => Some(self.ins.slices[s].elem),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 pub struct OptLayout {
@@ -1193,17 +1293,57 @@ pub struct OptLayout {
     pub payload_offset: Offset,
 }
 
-pub struct OffsetIter {
+pub trait Agregate: Copy {
-    strct: Struct,
+    type Field: AsRef<Id> + 'static;
+
+    fn fields(self, tys: &Types) -> Range<usize>;
+    fn field_by_idx(tys: &Types, index: usize) -> &Self::Field;
+    fn align_override(self, _: &Types) -> Option<u8> {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl Agregate for Tuple {
+    type Field = Id;
+
+    fn fields(self, tys: &Types) -> Range<usize> {
+        tys.ins.tuples[self].fields.range()
+    }
+
+    fn field_by_idx(tys: &Types, index: usize) -> &Self::Field {
+        &tys.ins.args[index]
+    }
+}
+
+impl Agregate for Struct {
+    type Field = StructField;
+
+    fn fields(self, tys: &Types) -> Range<usize> {
+        tys.struct_field_range(self)
+    }
+
+    fn field_by_idx(tys: &Types, index: usize) -> &Self::Field {
+        &tys.ins.struct_fields[index]
+    }
+
+    fn align_override(self, tys: &Types) -> Option<u8> {
+        tys.ins.structs[self].explicit_alignment
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<Id> for StructField {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Id {
+        &self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct OffsetIter<T> {
+    strct: T,
     offset: Offset,
     fields: Range<usize>,
 }
 
-impl OffsetIter {
+impl OffsetIter<Struct> {
-    pub fn new(strct: Struct, tys: &Types) -> Self {
-        Self { strct, offset: 0, fields: tys.struct_field_range(strct) }
-    }
-
     pub fn offset_of(tys: &Types, idx: Struct, field: &str) -> Option<(Offset, Id)> {
         let field_id = tys.names.project(field)?;
         OffsetIter::new(idx, tys)
@@ -1211,25 +1351,33 @@ impl OffsetIter {
             .find(|(f, _)| f.name == field_id)
             .map(|(f, off)| (off, f.ty))
     }
+}
 
-    fn next<'a>(&mut self, tys: &'a Types) -> Option<(&'a StructField, Offset)> {
+impl<T: Agregate> OffsetIter<T> {
-        let stru = &tys.ins.structs[self.strct];
+    pub fn new(strct: T, tys: &Types) -> Self {
-        let field = &tys.ins.struct_fields[self.fields.next()?];
+        Self { strct, offset: 0, fields: strct.fields(tys) }
+    }
 
-        let align = stru.explicit_alignment.map_or_else(|| tys.align_of(field.ty), |a| a as u32);
+    fn next<'a>(&mut self, tys: &'a Types) -> Option<(&'a T::Field, Offset)> {
+        let field = &T::field_by_idx(tys, self.fields.next()?);
+
+        let align = self
+            .strct
+            .align_override(tys)
+            .map_or_else(|| tys.align_of(*field.as_ref()), |a| a as u32);
         self.offset = (self.offset + align - 1) & !(align - 1);
 
         let off = self.offset;
-        self.offset += tys.size_of(field.ty);
+        self.offset += tys.size_of(*field.as_ref());
         Some((field, off))
     }
 
     pub fn next_ty(&mut self, tys: &Types) -> Option<(Id, Offset)> {
         let (field, off) = self.next(tys)?;
-        Some((field.ty, off))
+        Some((*field.as_ref(), off))
     }
 
-    pub fn into_iter(mut self, tys: &Types) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&StructField, Offset)> {
+    pub fn into_iter(mut self, tys: &Types) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&T::Field, Offset)> {
         core::iter::from_fn(move || self.next(tys))
     }
 }

lang/src/utils.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#![expect(dead_code)]
 use {
     alloc::alloc,
     core::{
@@ -7,7 +6,7 @@ use {
         hint::unreachable_unchecked,
         marker::PhantomData,
         mem::MaybeUninit,
-        ops::{Deref, DerefMut, Not},
+        ops::{Deref, DerefMut, Not, Range},
         ptr::Unique,
     },
 };
@@ -32,9 +31,10 @@ pub fn is_screaming_case(str: &str) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
 }
 
 type Nid = u16;
+type BitSetUnit = usize;
 
 pub union BitSet {
-    inline: usize,
+    inline: BitSetUnit,
     alloced: Unique<AllocedBitSet>,
 }
 
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ impl Default for BitSet {
 }
 
 impl BitSet {
-    const FLAG: usize = 1 << (Self::UNIT - 1);
+    const FLAG: BitSetUnit = 1 << (Self::UNIT - 1);
     const INLINE_ELEMS: usize = Self::UNIT - 1;
-    const UNIT: usize = core::mem::size_of::<usize>() * 8;
+    pub const UNIT: usize = core::mem::size_of::<BitSetUnit>() * 8;
 
     pub fn with_capacity(len: usize) -> Self {
         let mut s = Self::default();
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl BitSet {
         unsafe { self.inline & Self::FLAG != 0 }
     }
 
-    fn data_and_len(&self) -> (&[usize], usize) {
+    fn data_and_len(&self) -> (&[BitSetUnit], usize) {
         unsafe {
             if self.is_inline() {
                 (core::slice::from_ref(&self.inline), Self::INLINE_ELEMS)
@@ -100,16 +100,16 @@ impl BitSet {
                 let small_vec = self.alloced.as_ref();
                 (
                     core::slice::from_raw_parts(
-                        &small_vec.data as *const _ as *const usize,
+                        &small_vec.data as *const _ as *const BitSetUnit,
                         small_vec.cap,
                     ),
-                    small_vec.cap * core::mem::size_of::<usize>() * 8,
+                    small_vec.cap * Self::UNIT,
                 )
             }
         }
     }
 
-    fn data_mut_and_len(&mut self) -> (&mut [usize], usize) {
+    fn data_mut_and_len(&mut self) -> (&mut [BitSetUnit], usize) {
         unsafe {
             if self.is_inline() {
                 (core::slice::from_mut(&mut self.inline), INLINE_ELEMS)
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl BitSet {
                 let small_vec = self.alloced.as_mut();
                 (
                     core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(
-                        &mut small_vec.data as *mut _ as *mut usize,
+                        &mut small_vec.data as *mut _ as *mut BitSetUnit,
                         small_vec.cap,
                     ),
                     small_vec.cap * Self::UNIT,
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ impl BitSet {
         let (ptr, prev_len) = unsafe {
             if self.is_inline() {
                 let ptr = alloc::alloc(layout);
-                *ptr.add(off).cast::<usize>() = self.inline & !Self::FLAG;
+                *ptr.add(off).cast::<BitSetUnit>() = self.inline & !Self::FLAG;
                 (ptr, 1)
             } else {
                 let prev_len = self.alloced.as_ref().cap;
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ impl BitSet {
         unsafe {
             MaybeUninit::fill(
                 core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(
-                    ptr.add(off).cast::<MaybeUninit<usize>>().add(prev_len),
+                    ptr.add(off).cast::<MaybeUninit<BitSetUnit>>().add(prev_len),
                     slot_count - prev_len,
                 ),
                 0,
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ impl BitSet {
     fn layout(slot_count: usize) -> (core::alloc::Layout, usize) {
         unsafe {
             core::alloc::Layout::new::<AllocedBitSet>()
-                .extend(Layout::array::<usize>(slot_count).unwrap_unchecked())
+                .extend(Layout::array::<BitSetUnit>(slot_count).unwrap_unchecked())
                 .unwrap_unchecked()
         }
     }
@@ -205,6 +205,10 @@ impl BitSet {
 
     pub fn clear(&mut self, len: usize) {
         self.reserve(len);
+        self.clear_as_is();
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear_as_is(&mut self) {
         if self.is_inline() {
             unsafe { self.inline &= Self::FLAG };
         } else {
@@ -212,7 +216,11 @@ impl BitSet {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn units<'a>(&'a self, slot: &'a mut usize) -> &'a [usize] {
+    pub fn approx_unit_cap(&self) -> usize {
+        self.data_and_len().0.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn units<'a>(&'a self, slot: &'a mut BitSetUnit) -> &'a [BitSetUnit] {
         if self.is_inline() {
             *slot = unsafe { self.inline } & !Self::FLAG;
             core::slice::from_ref(slot)
@@ -221,36 +229,47 @@ impl BitSet {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn units_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut [BitSetUnit]> {
+        self.is_inline().not().then(|| self.data_mut_and_len().0)
+    }
+
     pub fn reserve(&mut self, len: usize) {
         if len > self.data_and_len().1 {
             self.grow(len.next_power_of_two().max(4 * Self::UNIT));
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn units_mut(&mut self) -> Result<&mut [usize], &mut InlineBitSetView> {
+    pub fn set_range(&mut self, proj_range: Range<usize>) {
-        if self.is_inline() {
+        if proj_range.is_empty() {
-            Err(unsafe {
+            return;
-                core::mem::transmute::<&mut usize, &mut InlineBitSetView>(&mut self.inline)
-            })
-        } else {
-            Ok(self.data_mut_and_len().0)
         }
-    }
-}
 
-pub struct InlineBitSetView(usize);
+        self.reserve(proj_range.end);
+        let (units, _) = self.data_mut_and_len();
 
-impl InlineBitSetView {
+        if proj_range.start / Self::UNIT == (proj_range.end - 1) / Self::UNIT {
-    pub(crate) fn add_mask(&mut self, tmp: usize) {
+            debug_assert!(proj_range.len() <= Self::UNIT);
-        debug_assert!(tmp & BitSet::FLAG == 0);
+            let mask = ((1 << proj_range.len()) - 1) << (proj_range.start % Self::UNIT);
-        self.0 |= tmp;
+            units[proj_range.start / Self::UNIT] |= mask;
+        } else {
+            let fill_range = proj_range.start.div_ceil(Self::UNIT)..proj_range.end / Self::UNIT;
+            units[fill_range].fill(BitSetUnit::MAX);
+
+            let prefix_len = Self::UNIT - proj_range.start % Self::UNIT;
+            let prefix_mask = ((1 << prefix_len) - 1) << (proj_range.start % Self::UNIT);
+            units[proj_range.start / Self::UNIT] |= prefix_mask;
+
+            let postfix_len = proj_range.end % Self::UNIT;
+            let postfix_mask = (1 << postfix_len) - 1;
+            units[proj_range.end / Self::UNIT] |= postfix_mask;
+        }
     }
 }
 
 pub struct BitSetIter<'a> {
     index: usize,
-    current: usize,
+    current: BitSetUnit,
-    remining: &'a [usize],
+    remining: &'a [BitSetUnit],
 }
 
 impl Iterator for BitSetIter<'_> {
@@ -270,7 +289,7 @@ impl Iterator for BitSetIter<'_> {
 
 struct AllocedBitSet {
     cap: usize,
-    data: [usize; 0],
+    data: [BitSetUnit; 0],
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]

lang/tests/son_tests_conditional_stores.txt

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ main:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, -24d
     ST r31, r254, 0a, 24h
     JAL r31, r0, :cond
-    CP r33, r1
     CP r32, r0
+    CP r33, r1
     JNE r33, r32, :0
     JMP :1
  0: LI64 r32, 2d

lang/tests/son_tests_die.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
-main:
+fun:
     UN 
-code size: 9
+main:
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -8d
+    ST r31, r254, 0a, 8h
+    JAL r31, r0, :fun
+    LD r31, r254, 0a, 8h
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 8d
+code size: 64
 ret: 0
 status: Err(Unreachable)

lang/tests/son_tests_different_function_destinations.txt

@@ -48,10 +48,9 @@ main:
     JMP :1
  6: CP r1, r0
     JMP :1
- 5: ADDI64 r34, r32, 16d
+ 5: ST r0, r32, 0a, 8h
-    ST r0, r32, 0a, 8h
     ST r0, r32, 8a, 8h
-    CP r32, r34
+    ADDI64 r32, r32, 16d
     JMP :7
  3: JAL r31, r0, :new_stru
     ST r1, r32, 0a, 16h
@@ -67,6 +66,6 @@ new_stru:
     LD r1, r254, 0a, 16h
     ADDI64 r254, r254, 16d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
-code size: 658
+code size: 655
 ret: 0
 status: Ok(())

lang/tests/son_tests_exhaustive_loop_testing.txt

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 continue_and_state_change:
     CP r13, r2
-    CP r15, r0
     LI64 r16, 3d
-    LI64 r14, 4d
     LI64 r17, 2d
     LI64 r18, 10d
+    CP r15, r0
+    LI64 r14, 4d
  6: JLTU r13, r18, :0
     JMP :1
  0: JNE r13, r17, :2
@@ -37,41 +37,41 @@ main:
     ST r31, r254, 0a, 40h
     CP r2, r0
     JAL r31, r0, :multiple_breaks
-    CP r32, r1
+    LI64 r32, 3d
-    LI64 r33, 3d
+    CP r33, r1
-    JEQ r32, r33, :0
+    JEQ r33, r32, :0
     LI64 r32, 1d
     CP r1, r32
     JMP :1
- 0: LI64 r32, 4d
+ 0: LI64 r33, 4d
-    CP r2, r32
+    CP r2, r33
     JAL r31, r0, :multiple_breaks
-    CP r34, r1
+    LI64 r34, 10d
-    LI64 r35, 10d
+    CP r35, r1
-    JEQ r34, r35, :2
+    JEQ r35, r34, :2
     LI64 r32, 2d
     CP r1, r32
     JMP :1
  2: CP r2, r0
     JAL r31, r0, :state_change_in_break
-    CP r34, r1
+    CP r35, r1
-    JEQ r34, r0, :3
+    JEQ r35, r0, :3
-    CP r1, r33
-    JMP :1
- 3: CP r2, r32
-    JAL r31, r0, :state_change_in_break
-    CP r34, r1
-    JEQ r34, r35, :4
     CP r1, r32
     JMP :1
- 4: CP r2, r35
+ 3: CP r2, r33
+    JAL r31, r0, :state_change_in_break
+    CP r35, r1
+    JEQ r35, r34, :4
+    CP r1, r33
+    JMP :1
+ 4: CP r2, r34
     JAL r31, r0, :continue_and_state_change
-    CP r32, r1
+    CP r33, r1
-    JEQ r32, r35, :5
+    JEQ r33, r34, :5
     LI64 r32, 5d
     CP r1, r32
     JMP :1
- 5: CP r2, r33
+ 5: CP r2, r32
     JAL r31, r0, :continue_and_state_change
     CP r32, r1
     JEQ r32, r0, :6

lang/tests/son_tests_generic_types.txt

@@ -42,10 +42,11 @@ free:
     CP r4, r14
     CP r5, r15
     ECA 
+    CP r13, r1
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 main:
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, -96d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -88d
-    ST r31, r254, 48a, 48h
+    ST r31, r254, 48a, 40h
     ADDI64 r32, r254, 24d
     CP r1, r32
     JAL r31, r0, :new
@@ -60,20 +61,19 @@ main:
     CP r2, r33
     CP r3, r34
     JAL r31, r0, :push
-    CP r34, r1
+    LD r34, r254, 0a, 8h
-    LD r35, r254, 0a, 8h
+    LD r34, r34, 0a, 1h
-    LD r35, r35, 0a, 1h
+    LD r35, r254, 24a, 8h
-    LD r36, r254, 24a, 8h
+    LD r35, r35, 0a, 8h
-    LD r34, r36, 0a, 8h
     CP r2, r33
     JAL r31, r0, :deinit
     CP r2, r32
     JAL r31, r0, :deinit
-    ANDI r32, r35, 255d
+    ANDI r32, r34, 255d
-    ADD64 r32, r34, r32
+    ADD64 r32, r35, r32
     CP r1, r32
-    LD r31, r254, 48a, 48h
+    LD r31, r254, 48a, 40h
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, 96d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 88d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 malloc:
     CP r13, r2
@@ -112,51 +112,49 @@ new:
 push:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, -80d
     ST r31, r254, 0a, 80h
-    CP r38, r2
+    CP r36, r2
-    CP r39, r3
+    CP r37, r3
-    LI64 r37, 1d
+    LI64 r35, 1d
-    LD r33, r38, 8a, 8h
+    LD r33, r36, 8a, 8h
-    LD r32, r38, 16a, 8h
+    LD r32, r36, 16a, 8h
     JNE r32, r33, :0
     JNE r32, r0, :1
-    CP r32, r37
+    CP r32, r35
     JMP :2
  1: MULI64 r32, r32, 2d
  2: CP r2, r32
-    CP r3, r37
+    CP r3, r35
     JAL r31, r0, :malloc
-    CP r35, r1
+    ST r32, r36, 16a, 8h
-    ST r32, r38, 16a, 8h
+    CP r34, r1
-    JNE r35, r0, :3
+    JNE r34, r0, :3
     CP r1, r0
     JMP :4
- 3: LD r32, r38, 0a, 8h
+ 3: LD r32, r36, 0a, 8h
-    ADD64 r40, r33, r32
+    ADD64 r38, r33, r32
-    CP r34, r35
+    CP r33, r34
- 7: LD r33, r38, 0a, 8h
+ 7: LD r39, r36, 0a, 8h
-    LD r36, r38, 8a, 8h
+    LD r40, r36, 8a, 8h
-    JNE r40, r32, :5
+    JNE r38, r32, :5
-    JEQ r36, r0, :6
+    JEQ r40, r0, :6
-    CP r2, r33
+    CP r2, r39
-    CP r3, r36
+    CP r3, r40
-    CP r4, r37
+    CP r4, r35
     JAL r31, r0, :free
     JMP :6
- 6: ST r35, r38, 0a, 8h
+ 6: ST r34, r36, 0a, 8h
     JMP :0
- 5: ADDI64 r36, r34, 1d
+ 5: LD r39, r32, 0a, 1h
-    ADDI64 r33, r32, 1d
-    LD r32, r32, 0a, 1h
-    ST r32, r34, 0a, 1h
-    CP r32, r33
-    CP r34, r36
-    JMP :7
- 0: LD r32, r38, 8a, 8h
-    LD r33, r38, 0a, 8h
-    ADD64 r33, r32, r33
     ST r39, r33, 0a, 1h
-    ADD64 r32, r32, r37
+    ADDI64 r33, r33, 1d
-    ST r32, r38, 8a, 8h
+    ADDI64 r32, r32, 1d
+    JMP :7
+ 0: LD r32, r36, 8a, 8h
+    LD r33, r36, 0a, 8h
+    ADD64 r33, r32, r33
+    ST r37, r33, 0a, 1h
+    ADD64 r32, r32, r35
+    ST r32, r36, 8a, 8h
     CP r1, r33
  4: LD r31, r254, 0a, 80h
     ADDI64 r254, r254, 80d
@@ -164,60 +162,58 @@ push:
 push:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, -88d
     ST r31, r254, 0a, 88h
-    CP r38, r2
+    CP r36, r2
-    CP r39, r3
+    CP r37, r3
-    LI64 r37, 1d
+    LI64 r35, 1d
-    LD r33, r38, 8a, 8h
+    LD r33, r36, 8a, 8h
-    LD r32, r38, 16a, 8h
+    LD r32, r36, 16a, 8h
     JNE r32, r33, :0
     JNE r32, r0, :1
-    CP r32, r37
+    CP r32, r35
     JMP :2
  1: MULI64 r32, r32, 2d
- 2: LI64 r40, 8d
+ 2: LI64 r38, 8d
-    MUL64 r34, r32, r40
+    MUL64 r34, r32, r38
     CP r2, r34
-    CP r3, r40
+    CP r3, r38
     JAL r31, r0, :malloc
-    CP r35, r1
+    ST r32, r36, 16a, 8h
-    ST r32, r38, 16a, 8h
+    CP r34, r1
-    JNE r35, r0, :3
+    JNE r34, r0, :3
     CP r1, r0
     JMP :4
  3: MULI64 r33, r33, 8d
-    LD r32, r38, 0a, 8h
+    LD r32, r36, 0a, 8h
-    ADD64 r41, r32, r33
+    ADD64 r39, r32, r33
-    CP r34, r35
+    CP r33, r34
- 7: LD r33, r38, 0a, 8h
+ 7: LD r40, r36, 0a, 8h
-    LD r36, r38, 8a, 8h
+    LD r41, r36, 8a, 8h
-    JNE r41, r32, :5
+    JNE r39, r32, :5
-    JEQ r36, r0, :6
+    JEQ r41, r0, :6
-    MUL64 r32, r36, r40
+    MUL64 r32, r41, r38
-    CP r2, r33
+    CP r2, r40
     CP r3, r32
-    CP r4, r40
+    CP r4, r38
     JAL r31, r0, :free
     JMP :6
- 6: ST r35, r38, 0a, 8h
+ 6: ST r34, r36, 0a, 8h
     JMP :0
- 5: ADDI64 r36, r34, 8d
+ 5: LD r40, r32, 0a, 8h
-    ADDI64 r33, r32, 8d
+    ST r40, r33, 0a, 8h
-    LD r32, r32, 0a, 8h
+    ADDI64 r33, r33, 8d
-    ST r32, r34, 0a, 8h
+    ADDI64 r32, r32, 8d
-    CP r32, r33
-    CP r34, r36
     JMP :7
- 0: LD r32, r38, 8a, 8h
+ 0: LD r32, r36, 8a, 8h
     MULI64 r33, r32, 8d
-    LD r34, r38, 0a, 8h
+    LD r34, r36, 0a, 8h
     ADD64 r33, r34, r33
-    ST r39, r33, 0a, 8h
+    ST r37, r33, 0a, 8h
-    ADD64 r32, r32, r37
+    ADD64 r32, r32, r35
-    ST r32, r38, 8a, 8h
+    ST r32, r36, 8a, 8h
     CP r1, r33
  4: LD r31, r254, 0a, 88h
     ADDI64 r254, r254, 88d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
-code size: 1635
+code size: 1623
 ret: 69
 status: Ok(())

lang/tests/son_tests_global_variable_wiredness.txt

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ inb:
     CP r1, r0
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 main:
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, -32d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -24d
-    ST r31, r254, 0a, 32h
+    ST r31, r254, 0a, 24h
     LRA r32, r0, :ports
     LD r33, r32, 0a, 1h
     ANDI r33, r33, 255d
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ main:
     JMP :1
  0: JAL r31, r0, :inb
     CP r33, r1
-    CMPU r34, r33, r0
+    CMPU r33, r33, r0
-    CMPUI r34, r34, 0d
+    CMPUI r33, r33, 0d
-    NOT r34, r34
+    NOT r33, r33
-    ST r34, r32, 0a, 1h
+    ST r33, r32, 0a, 1h
- 1: LD r31, r254, 0a, 32h
+ 1: LD r31, r254, 0a, 24h
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, 32d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 24d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 code size: 164
 ret: 0

lang/tests/son_tests_idk.txt

@@ -1,21 +1,20 @@
 main:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, -128d
-    ADDI64 r15, r254, 0d
+    ADDI64 r14, r254, 0d
-    LI8 r16, 69b
+    LI8 r15, 69b
-    LI64 r17, 128d
+    LI64 r16, 128d
     CP r13, r0
- 2: LD r14, r254, 42a, 1h
+ 2: LD r17, r254, 42a, 1h
-    JLTU r13, r17, :0
+    JLTU r13, r16, :0
-    ANDI r13, r14, 255d
+    ANDI r13, r17, 255d
     CP r1, r13
     JMP :1
- 0: ADDI64 r14, r13, 1d
+ 0: ADD64 r17, r14, r13
-    ADD64 r13, r15, r13
+    ST r15, r17, 0a, 1h
-    ST r16, r13, 0a, 1h
+    ADDI64 r13, r13, 1d
-    CP r13, r14
     JMP :2
  1: ADDI64 r254, r254, 128d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
-code size: 141
+code size: 138
 ret: 69
 status: Ok(())

lang/tests/son_tests_inlining_issues.txt

@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ put_filled_rect:
     LD r14, r14, 0a, 8h
     ADD64 r26, r14, r26
     LD r28, r15, 0a, 8h
+    MUL64 r15, r27, r25
+    ADD64 r14, r14, r15
     ADD64 r15, r28, r26
-    MUL64 r25, r27, r25
-    ADD64 r14, r14, r25
     ADD64 r14, r28, r14
  3: JGTU r13, r20, :0
     JNE r13, r20, :1

lang/tests/son_tests_integer_inference_issues.txt

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ integer_range:
     CP r2, r16
     CP r3, r15
     ECA 
-    CP r15, r1
     SUB64 r14, r14, r13
     ADDI64 r14, r14, 1d
+    CP r15, r1
     DIRU64 r0, r14, r15, r14
     ADD64 r13, r14, r13
     CP r1, r13

lang/tests/son_tests_memory_swap.txt

@@ -10,26 +10,26 @@ decide:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, 24d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 main:
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, -120d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -104d
-    ST r31, r254, 72a, 48h
+    ST r31, r254, 72a, 32h
     ADDI64 r32, r254, 48d
     CP r1, r32
     CP r2, r0
     JAL r31, r0, :decide
-    ADDI64 r34, r254, 24d
+    ADDI64 r33, r254, 24d
-    BMC r32, r34, 24h
+    BMC r32, r33, 24h
-    LI64 r35, 1d
+    LI64 r34, 1d
-    CP r1, r34
+    CP r1, r33
-    CP r2, r35
+    CP r2, r34
     JAL r31, r0, :decide
-    ADDI64 r36, r254, 0d
+    ADDI64 r34, r254, 0d
-    BMC r32, r36, 24h
+    BMC r32, r34, 24h
     LD r32, r254, 24a, 8h
     LD r33, r254, 0a, 8h
     ADD64 r32, r33, r32
     CP r1, r32
-    LD r31, r254, 72a, 48h
+    LD r31, r254, 72a, 32h
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, 120d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 104d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 code size: 273
 ret: 1

lang/tests/son_tests_method_receiver_by_value.txt

@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ main:
     ST r31, r254, 32a, 40h
     LRA r32, r0, :"Goodbye, World!\0"
     LRA r33, r0, :"Hello, World!\0"
-    ST r32, r254, 8a, 8h
+    ST r32, r254, 16a, 8h
     ST r33, r254, 24a, 8h
     LD r2, r254, 24a, 8h
-    LD r3, r254, 8a, 8h
+    LD r3, r254, 16a, 8h
     JAL r31, r0, :print
-    ADDI64 r34, r254, 0d
+    ADDI64 r34, r254, 8d
-    ADDI64 r35, r254, 16d
+    ADDI64 r35, r254, 0d
-    ST r32, r254, 0a, 8h
+    ST r32, r254, 8a, 8h
-    ST r33, r254, 16a, 8h
+    ST r33, r254, 0a, 8h
     CP r2, r35
     CP r3, r34
     JAL r31, r0, :print2

lang/tests/son_tests_nullable_structure.txt

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 main:
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, -66d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -58d
-    ST r31, r254, 26a, 40h
+    ST r31, r254, 26a, 32h
     JAL r31, r0, :returner_fn
     CP r32, r1
     ADDI64 r33, r254, 2d
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ main:
     JMP :1
  0: LI64 r32, 1d
     CP r1, r32
- 1: LD r31, r254, 26a, 40h
+ 1: LD r31, r254, 26a, 32h
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, 66d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 58d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 returner_bn:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, -24d

lang/tests/son_tests_nullable_types.txt

@@ -3,19 +3,19 @@ decide:
     CP r1, r13
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 main:
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, -128d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -144d
-    ST r31, r254, 80a, 48h
+    ST r31, r254, 96a, 48h
     JAL r31, r0, :decide
-    CP r32, r1
     CP r33, r0
-    ADDI64 r34, r254, 72d
+    ADDI64 r34, r254, 88d
+    CP r32, r1
     ANDI r32, r32, 255d
     JNE r32, r0, :0
     CP r32, r33
     JMP :1
  0: CP r32, r34
  1: LI64 r35, 1d
-    ST r35, r254, 72a, 8h
+    ST r35, r254, 88a, 8h
     JNE r32, r33, :2
     LI64 r32, 9001d
     CP r1, r32
@@ -25,20 +25,20 @@ main:
     ANDI r33, r33, 255d
     JNE r33, r0, :4
     LI8 r33, 1b
-    ST r33, r254, 56a, 1h
+    ST r33, r254, 72a, 1h
     LD r32, r32, 0a, 8h
-    ST r32, r254, 64a, 8h
+    ST r32, r254, 80a, 8h
     JMP :5
- 4: ST r0, r254, 56a, 1h
+ 4: ST r0, r254, 72a, 1h
- 5: LD r32, r254, 56a, 1h
+ 5: LD r32, r254, 72a, 1h
     ANDI r32, r32, 255d
     JEQ r32, r0, :6
     LI64 r32, 42d
     CP r1, r32
     JMP :3
  6: JAL r31, r0, :decide
-    CP r32, r1
     CP r33, r0
+    CP r32, r1
     ANDI r32, r32, 255d
     JNE r32, r0, :7
     CP r32, r33
@@ -50,17 +50,20 @@ main:
     LI64 r32, 69d
     CP r1, r32
     JMP :3
- 9: ADDI64 r33, r254, 40d
+ 9: ADDI64 r33, r254, 56d
     JAL r31, r0, :new_foo
     ST r1, r33, 0a, 16h
-    LD r36, r254, 40a, 8h
+    LD r36, r254, 56a, 8h
     JNE r36, r0, :10
     LI64 r32, 999d
     CP r1, r32
     JMP :3
 10: LRA r36, r0, :"foo\0"
+    ST r36, r254, 40a, 8h
+    LI64 r36, 4d
+    ST r36, r254, 48a, 8h
     LD r2, r33, 0a, 16h
-    CP r4, r36
+    LD r4, r254, 40a, 16h
     JAL r31, r0, :use_foo
     ADDI64 r33, r254, 0d
     JAL r31, r0, :no_foo
@@ -98,8 +101,8 @@ main:
     ANDI r32, r32, 65535d
     SUB64 r32, r32, r33
     CP r1, r32
- 3: LD r31, r254, 80a, 48h
+ 3: LD r31, r254, 96a, 48h
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, 128d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 144d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 new_bar:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, -24d
@@ -129,11 +132,13 @@ no_foo:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, 16d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 use_foo:
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, -16d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -32d
-    ST r2, r254, 0a, 16h
+    ST r2, r254, 16a, 16h
-    ADDI64 r2, r254, 0d
+    ADDI64 r2, r254, 16d
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, 16d
+    ST r4, r254, 0a, 16h
+    ADDI64 r4, r254, 0d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 32d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
-code size: 1092
+code size: 1162
 ret: 0
 status: Ok(())

lang/tests/son_tests_overwrite_aliasing_overoptimization.txt

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 main:
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, -64d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -56d
-    ST r31, r254, 24a, 40h
+    ST r31, r254, 24a, 32h
     ADDI64 r32, r254, 0d
     LI64 r33, 1d
     ST r33, r254, 16a, 8h
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ main:
     ST r33, r254, 8a, 8h
     JAL r31, r0, :opaque
     ST r1, r32, 0a, 16h
-    LD r34, r254, 8a, 8h
+    LD r33, r254, 8a, 8h
-    LD r35, r254, 16a, 8h
+    LD r34, r254, 16a, 8h
-    ADD64 r34, r35, r34
+    ADD64 r33, r34, r33
     LD r32, r254, 0a, 8h
-    SUB64 r32, r32, r34
+    SUB64 r32, r32, r33
     CP r1, r32
-    LD r31, r254, 24a, 40h
+    LD r31, r254, 24a, 32h
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, 64d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 56d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 opaque:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, -16d

lang/tests/son_tests_proper_ident_propagation.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+main:
+    CP r1, r0
+    JALA r0, r31, 0a
+code size: 22
+ret: 0
+status: Ok(())

lang/tests/son_tests_returning_global_struct.txt

@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 main:
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, -52d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -44d
-    ST r31, r254, 4a, 48h
+    ST r31, r254, 4a, 40h
     ADDI64 r32, r254, 0d
     JAL r31, r0, :random_color
     ST r1, r32, 0a, 4h
-    LD r34, r254, 0a, 1h
+    LD r33, r254, 0a, 1h
-    LD r35, r254, 1a, 1h
+    LD r34, r254, 1a, 1h
-    LD r36, r254, 2a, 1h
+    LD r35, r254, 2a, 1h
+    ANDI r33, r33, 255d
     ANDI r34, r34, 255d
-    ANDI r35, r35, 255d
     LD r32, r254, 3a, 1h
-    ANDI r33, r36, 255d
+    ANDI r35, r35, 255d
-    ADD64 r34, r35, r34
-    ANDI r32, r32, 255d
     ADD64 r33, r34, r33
+    ANDI r32, r32, 255d
+    ADD64 r33, r33, r35
     ADD64 r32, r33, r32
     CP r1, r32
-    LD r31, r254, 4a, 48h
+    LD r31, r254, 4a, 40h
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, 52d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 44d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 random_color:
     LRA r13, r0, :white

lang/tests/son_tests_slice_to_global_pointer.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+main:
+    LRA r13, r0, :a
+    LD r13, r13, 0a, 8h
+    CP r1, r13
+    JALA r0, r31, 0a
+code size: 50
+ret: 0
+status: Ok(())

lang/tests/son_tests_slices.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+main:
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -40d
+    ST r0, r254, 0a, 8h
+    LI64 r13, 1d
+    ST r13, r254, 8a, 8h
+    LI64 r13, 2d
+    ST r13, r254, 16a, 8h
+    LI64 r13, 3d
+    LI64 r14, 10d
+    ST r13, r254, 24a, 8h
+    ST r14, r254, 32a, 8h
+    LD r13, r254, 0a, 8h
+    LD r14, r254, 8a, 8h
+    ADD64 r13, r14, r13
+    LD r14, r254, 16a, 8h
+    ADD64 r13, r14, r13
+    LD r14, r254, 24a, 8h
+    ADD64 r13, r14, r13
+    LD r14, r254, 32a, 8h
+    ADDI64 r13, r13, 4d
+    SUB64 r13, r13, r14
+    CP r1, r13
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 40d
+    JALA r0, r31, 0a
+code size: 241
+ret: 0
+status: Ok(())

lang/tests/son_tests_sort_something_viredly.txt

@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ main:
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 sqrt:
     CP r14, r2
+    CP r17, r0
     LI64 r16, 15d
     LI64 r15, 32768d
-    CP r17, r0
     CP r13, r17
  3: JNE r15, r17, :0
     CP r1, r13

lang/tests/son_tests_storing_into_nullable_struct.txt

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ do_stuff:
 just_read:
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 main:
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, -80d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -72d
-    ST r31, r254, 48a, 32h
+    ST r31, r254, 48a, 24h
     ADDI64 r32, r254, 16d
     CP r1, r32
     JAL r31, r0, :optionala
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ main:
     CP r33, r1
     ADD64 r32, r33, r32
     CP r1, r32
- 1: LD r31, r254, 48a, 32h
+ 1: LD r31, r254, 48a, 24h
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, 80d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 72d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 optional:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, -16d

lang/tests/son_tests_string_array.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+main:
+    LRA r13, r0, :"abcdefshijklmnop\0"
+    LD r13, r13, 0a, 1h
+    ANDI r13, r13, 255d
+    CP r1, r13
+    JALA r0, r31, 0a
+code size: 70
+ret: 97
+status: Ok(())

lang/tests/son_tests_string_flip.txt

@@ -1,45 +1,44 @@
 main:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, -40d
-    LI64 r17, 1d
+    LI64 r16, 1d
     LI64 r15, 4d
+    ADDI64 r17, r254, 0d
     CP r14, r0
-    ADDI64 r18, r254, 0d
     CP r13, r14
  6: JNE r13, r15, :0
-    ADDI64 r19, r254, 32d
+    ADDI64 r18, r254, 32d
-    LI64 r20, 2d
+    LI64 r19, 2d
     CP r13, r14
  4: LD r15, r254, 16a, 8h
-    JNE r13, r17, :1
+    JNE r13, r16, :1
     CP r1, r15
     JMP :2
- 1: ADD64 r16, r13, r17
+ 1: ADD64 r15, r13, r16
-    SUB64 r15, r20, r16
+    SUB64 r20, r19, r15
-    MUL64 r21, r15, r20
+    MUL64 r20, r20, r19
-    MUL64 r22, r13, r20
+    MUL64 r21, r13, r19
     CP r13, r14
- 5: JNE r13, r20, :3
+ 5: JNE r13, r19, :3
-    CP r13, r16
-    JMP :4
- 3: ADD64 r15, r13, r17
-    ADD64 r23, r22, r13
-    ADD64 r13, r21, r13
-    MULI64 r23, r23, 8d
-    MULI64 r13, r13, 8d
-    ADD64 r23, r18, r23
-    ADD64 r13, r18, r13
-    BMC r23, r19, 8h
-    BMC r13, r23, 8h
-    BMC r19, r13, 8h
     CP r13, r15
+    JMP :4
+ 3: ADD64 r22, r21, r13
+    ADD64 r23, r20, r13
+    MULI64 r22, r22, 8d
+    MULI64 r23, r23, 8d
+    ADD64 r22, r17, r22
+    ADD64 r23, r17, r23
+    BMC r22, r18, 8h
+    BMC r23, r22, 8h
+    BMC r18, r23, 8h
+    ADD64 r13, r13, r16
     JMP :5
- 0: MULI64 r16, r13, 8d
+ 0: MULI64 r18, r13, 8d
-    ADD64 r16, r18, r16
+    ADD64 r18, r17, r18
-    ST r13, r16, 0a, 8h
+    ST r13, r18, 0a, 8h
-    ADD64 r13, r13, r17
+    ADD64 r13, r13, r16
     JMP :6
  2: ADDI64 r254, r254, 40d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
-code size: 267
+code size: 264
 ret: 0
 status: Ok(())

lang/tests/son_tests_struct_return_from_module_function.txt

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ foo:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, 16d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 main:
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, -88d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -80d
-    ST r31, r254, 48a, 40h
+    ST r31, r254, 48a, 32h
     ADDI64 r32, r254, 32d
     JAL r31, r0, :foo
     ST r1, r32, 0a, 16h
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ main:
     LI64 r33, 7d
     SUB64 r32, r33, r32
     CP r1, r32
-    LD r31, r254, 48a, 40h
+    LD r31, r254, 48a, 32h
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, 88d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 80d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 code size: 347
 ret: 0

lang/tests/son_tests_subsclice_bug.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+main:
+    LRA r13, r0, :"abcd\0"
+    ADDI64 r13, r13, 1d
+    LI64 r14, 37d
+    CP r2, r14
+    CP r3, r13
+    ECA 
+    JALA r0, r31, 0a
+bcd
+code size: 59
+ret: 0
+status: Ok(())

lang/tests/son_tests_tests_ptr_to_ptr_copy.txt

@@ -1,28 +1,26 @@
 main:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, -10240d
-    LI8 r15, 64b
+    LI8 r14, 64b
-    LI64 r16, 1024d
+    LI64 r15, 1024d
+    ADDI64 r16, r254, 0d
     CP r13, r0
-    ADDI64 r17, r254, 0d
+ 4: JLTU r13, r15, :0
- 4: JLTU r13, r16, :0
+    ADDI64 r14, r16, 10240d
-    ADDI64 r13, r17, 1024d
+    ADDI64 r13, r16, 1024d
-    ADDI64 r15, r17, 10240d
+ 3: LD r15, r254, 2048a, 1h
- 3: LD r14, r254, 2048a, 1h
+    JLTU r13, r14, :1
-    JLTU r13, r15, :1
+    ANDI r13, r15, 255d
-    ANDI r13, r14, 255d
     CP r1, r13
     JMP :2
- 1: ADDI64 r14, r13, 1024d
+ 1: BMC r16, r13, 1024h
-    BMC r17, r13, 1024h
+    ADDI64 r13, r13, 1024d
-    CP r13, r14
     JMP :3
- 0: ADDI64 r14, r13, 1d
+ 0: ADD64 r17, r16, r13
-    ADD64 r13, r17, r13
+    ST r14, r17, 0a, 1h
-    ST r15, r13, 0a, 1h
+    ADDI64 r13, r13, 1d
-    CP r13, r14
     JMP :4
  2: ADDI64 r254, r254, 10240d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
-code size: 192
+code size: 186
 ret: 64
 status: Ok(())

lang/tests/son_tests_triggering_store_in_divergent_branch.txt

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 main:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, -64d
     ST r31, r254, 0a, 64h
-    CP r34, r0
     LI64 r37, 65536d
-    LI8 r35, 1b
     CP r36, r0
+    CP r34, r0
+    LI8 r35, 1b
     CP r32, r36
  7: JAL r31, r0, :opaque
     CP r33, r1

lang/tests/son_tests_tuples.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+main:
+    CP r1, r0
+    JALA r0, r31, 0a
+code size: 22
+ret: 0
+status: Ok(())

lang/tests/son_tests_wide_ret.txt

@@ -1,46 +1,46 @@
 main:
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, -48d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -40d
-    ST r31, r254, 16a, 32h
+    ST r31, r254, 16a, 24h
     ADDI64 r32, r254, 0d
     CP r3, r0
     CP r4, r0
     JAL r31, r0, :maina
     ST r1, r32, 0a, 16h
-    LD r34, r254, 12a, 1h
+    LD r33, r254, 12a, 1h
     LD r32, r254, 3a, 1h
-    SUB8 r32, r32, r34
+    SUB8 r32, r32, r33
     ANDI r32, r32, 255d
     CP r1, r32
-    LD r31, r254, 16a, 32h
+    LD r31, r254, 16a, 24h
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, 48d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 40d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 maina:
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, -52d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, -44d
-    ST r31, r254, 20a, 32h
+    ST r31, r254, 20a, 24h
     ADDI64 r32, r254, 16d
     JAL r31, r0, :small_struct
     ST r1, r32, 0a, 4h
     ST r0, r254, 0a, 1h
     ST r0, r254, 1a, 1h
     ST r0, r254, 2a, 1h
-    LI8 r33, 3b
+    LI8 r32, 3b
-    ST r33, r254, 3a, 1h
+    ST r32, r254, 3a, 1h
-    LI8 r34, 1b
+    LI8 r33, 1b
-    ST r34, r254, 4a, 1h
+    ST r33, r254, 4a, 1h
     ST r0, r254, 5a, 1h
     ST r0, r254, 6a, 1h
     ST r0, r254, 7a, 1h
     ST r0, r254, 8a, 1h
     ST r0, r254, 9a, 1h
     ST r0, r254, 10a, 1h
-    ST r33, r254, 11a, 1h
+    ST r32, r254, 11a, 1h
-    ST r34, r254, 12a, 1h
+    ST r33, r254, 12a, 1h
     ST r0, r254, 13a, 1h
     ST r0, r254, 14a, 1h
     ST r0, r254, 15a, 1h
     LD r1, r254, 0a, 16h
-    LD r31, r254, 20a, 32h
+    LD r31, r254, 20a, 24h
-    ADDI64 r254, r254, 52d
+    ADDI64 r254, r254, 44d
     JALA r0, r31, 0a
 small_struct:
     ADDI64 r254, r254, -4d

vm/Cargo.toml

@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ name = "hbvm"
 version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2021"
 
+[dependencies]
+hbbytecode = { workspace = true }
+
 [features]
 default = ["alloc"]
+disasm  = ["hbbytecode/disasm", "alloc"]
 alloc   = []
 nightly = []
 
-[dependencies]
-hbbytecode = { workspace = true }

vm/src/mem/mod.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ pub mod softpaging;
 
 pub(crate) mod addr;
 
-use crate::utils::impl_display;
+use crate::{utils::impl_display, value::Value};
 pub use addr::Address;
 
 /// Load-store memory access
@@ -36,6 +36,50 @@ pub trait Memory {
     /// # Safety
     /// - Data read have to be valid
     unsafe fn prog_read<T: Copy + 'static>(&mut self, addr: Address) -> T;
+
+    /// Log instruction to be executed
+    fn log_instr(&mut self, _at: Address, _regs: &[Value]) {}
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct InstrLogger {
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    op_buf: alloc::vec::Vec<hbbytecode::Oper>,
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    disp_buf: alloc::string::String,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+impl InstrLogger {
+    /// # Safety
+    /// - `addr` needs to point to a valid instruction
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    pub unsafe fn display_instr(&mut self, addr: Address, regs: &[Value]) -> &str {
+        let instr = hbbytecode::Instr::try_from(unsafe { *(addr.get() as *const u8) }).unwrap();
+        let mut bytes =
+            unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(addr.get() as *const u8, instr.size()) };
+        use core::fmt::Write;
+        hbbytecode::parse_args(&mut bytes, instr, &mut self.op_buf).unwrap();
+        debug_assert!(bytes.is_empty());
+        self.disp_buf.clear();
+        write!(self.disp_buf, "{:<10}", alloc::format!("{instr:?}")).unwrap();
+        for (i, op) in self.op_buf.drain(..).enumerate() {
+            if i != 0 {
+                write!(self.disp_buf, ", ").unwrap();
+            }
+            write!(self.disp_buf, "{op:?}").unwrap();
+            if let hbbytecode::Oper::R(r) = op {
+                write!(self.disp_buf, "({})", regs[r as usize].0).unwrap()
+            }
+        }
+        &self.disp_buf
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+    pub unsafe fn display_instr(&mut self, addr: Address, regs: &[Value]) -> &str {
+        ""
+    }
 }
 
 /// Unhandled load access trap

vm/src/vmrun.rs

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ where
             // - Yes, we assume you run 64 bit CPU. Else ?conradluget a better CPU
             //   sorry 8 bit fans, HBVM won't run on your Speccy :(
             unsafe {
+                self.memory.log_instr(self.pc, &self.registers);
                 match self
                     .memory
                     .prog_read::<u8>(self.pc as _)