Initial commit

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+/target
+Cargo.lock

Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "vga"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["Ryan Kennedy <rkennedy9064@gmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+conquer-once = "0.2.0"
+spinning_top = "0.1.0"
+x86_64 = "0.9.6"

rust-toolchain

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+nightly

src/lib.rs

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+//! This crate provides vga specific functions, data structures,
+//! and access to various registers.
+
+#![no_std]
+#![warn(missing_docs)]
+
+pub mod vga;
+pub mod vga_colors;
+mod vga_configurations;
+mod vga_fonts;
+mod vga_registers;
+
+pub use vga::VGA;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn it_works() {
+        assert_eq!(2 + 2, 4);
+    }
+}

src/vga.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+//! Provides access to the vga graphics card.
+
+use super::{
+    vga_configurations::{
+        VgaConfiguration, MODE_40X25_CONFIGURATION, MODE_40X50_CONFIGURATION,
+        MODE_640X480X16_CONFIGURATION, MODE_80X25_CONFIGURATION,
+    },
+    vga_fonts::{VgaFont, TEXT_8X16_FONT, TEXT_8X8_FONT},
+    vga_registers::{
+        AttributeControllerRegisters, CrtcControllerIndex, CrtcControllerRegisters, EmulationMode,
+        GeneralRegisters, GraphicsControllerIndex, GraphicsControllerRegisters, SequencerIndex,
+        SequencerRegisters,
+    },
+};
+use conquer_once::spin::Lazy;
+use spinning_top::Spinlock;
+
+/// Provides mutable access to the vga graphics card.
+pub static VGA: Lazy<Spinlock<Vga>> = Lazy::new(|| Spinlock::new(Vga::new()));
+
+/// Represents the starting address of the frame buffer for
+/// various video modes.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+#[repr(u32)]
+pub enum FrameBuffer {
+    /// The starting address for graphics modes.
+    GraphicsMode = 0xa0000,
+    /// The starting address for color text modes.
+    CgaMode = 0xb8000,
+    /// The starting address for monochrome text modes.
+    MdaMode = 0xb0000,
+}
+
+impl From<u8> for FrameBuffer {
+    fn from(value: u8) -> FrameBuffer {
+        match value {
+            0x1 => FrameBuffer::GraphicsMode,
+            0x2 => FrameBuffer::MdaMode,
+            0x3 => FrameBuffer::CgaMode,
+            _ => panic!("{:X} is not a valid FrameBuffer value", value),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<FrameBuffer> for u32 {
+    fn from(value: FrameBuffer) -> u32 {
+        value as u32
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a plane for reading and writing vga data.
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum Plane {
+    /// Represents `Plane 0 (0x0)`.
+    Plane0 = 0x0,
+    /// Represents `Plane 1 (0x1)`.
+    Plane1 = 0x1,
+    /// Represents `Plane 2 (0x2)`.
+    Plane2 = 0x2,
+    /// Represents `Plane 3 (0x3)`.
+    Plane3 = 0x3,
+}
+
+impl From<Plane> for u8 {
+    fn from(value: Plane) -> u8 {
+        value as u8
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a specified vga video mode.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum VideoMode {
+    /// Represents text mode 40x25.
+    Mode40x25,
+    /// Represents text mode 40x50.
+    Mode40x50,
+    /// Represents text mode 80x25.
+    Mode80x25,
+    /// Represents graphics mode 640x480x16.
+    Mode640x480x16,
+}
+
+/// Represents a vga graphics card with it's common registers,
+/// as well as the most recent video mode.
+pub struct Vga {
+    general_registers: GeneralRegisters,
+    sequencer_registers: SequencerRegisters,
+    graphics_controller_registers: GraphicsControllerRegisters,
+    attribute_controller_registers: AttributeControllerRegisters,
+    crtc_controller_registers: CrtcControllerRegisters,
+    most_recent_video_mode: Option<VideoMode>,
+}
+
+impl Vga {
+    fn new() -> Vga {
+        Vga {
+            general_registers: GeneralRegisters::new(),
+            sequencer_registers: SequencerRegisters::new(),
+            graphics_controller_registers: GraphicsControllerRegisters::new(),
+            attribute_controller_registers: AttributeControllerRegisters::new(),
+            crtc_controller_registers: CrtcControllerRegisters::new(),
+            most_recent_video_mode: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the vga graphics card to the given `VideoMode`.
+    pub fn set_video_mode(&mut self, video_mode: VideoMode) {
+        match video_mode {
+            VideoMode::Mode40x25 => self.set_video_mode_40x25(),
+            VideoMode::Mode40x50 => self.set_video_mode_40x50(),
+            VideoMode::Mode80x25 => self.set_video_mode_80x25(),
+            VideoMode::Mode640x480x16 => self.set_video_mode_640x480x16(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the `FrameBuffer` address as specified by the
+    /// `Miscellaneous Output Register`.
+    pub fn get_frame_buffer(&mut self) -> FrameBuffer {
+        let miscellaneous_graphics = self
+            .graphics_controller_registers
+            .read(GraphicsControllerIndex::Miscellaneous);
+        let memory_map_mode = (miscellaneous_graphics >> 0x2) & 0x3;
+        FrameBuffer::from(memory_map_mode)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the most recent video mode, or `None` if no
+    /// video mode has been set yet.
+    pub fn get_most_recent_video_mode(&self) -> Option<VideoMode> {
+        self.most_recent_video_mode
+    }
+
+    /// `I/O Address Select` Bit 0 `(value & 0x1)` of MSR selects 3Bxh or 3Dxh as the I/O address for the CRT Controller
+    /// registers, the Feature Control Register (FCR), and Input Status Register 1 (ST01). Presently
+    /// ignored (whole range is claimed), but will "ignore" 3Bx for color configuration or 3Dx for
+    /// monochrome.
+    /// Note that it is typical in AGP chipsets to shadow this bit and properly steer I/O cycles to the
+    /// proper bus for operation where a MDA exists on another bus such as ISA.
+    ///
+    /// 0 = Select 3Bxh I/O address `(EmulationMode::Mda)`
+    ///
+    /// 1 = Select 3Dxh I/O address `(EmulationMode:Cga)`
+    fn get_emulation_mode(&mut self) -> EmulationMode {
+        EmulationMode::from(self.general_registers.read_msr() & 0x1)
+    }
+
+    fn load_font(&mut self, vga_font: &VgaFont) {
+        // Save registers
+        let (
+            plane_mask,
+            sequencer_memory_mode,
+            read_plane_select,
+            graphics_mode,
+            miscellaneous_graphics,
+        ) = self.save_font_registers();
+
+        // Switch to flat addressing
+        self.sequencer_registers
+            .write(SequencerIndex::MemoryMode, sequencer_memory_mode | 0x04);
+
+        // Disable Even/Odd addressing
+        self.graphics_controller_registers
+            .write(GraphicsControllerIndex::GraphicsMode, graphics_mode & !0x10);
+        self.graphics_controller_registers.write(
+            GraphicsControllerIndex::Miscellaneous,
+            miscellaneous_graphics & !0x02,
+        );
+
+        // Write font to plane
+        self.set_plane(Plane::Plane2);
+
+        let frame_buffer = u32::from(self.get_frame_buffer()) as *mut u8;
+
+        for character in 0..vga_font.characters {
+            for row in 0..vga_font.character_height {
+                let offset = (character * 32) + row;
+                let font_offset = (character * vga_font.character_height) + row;
+                unsafe {
+                    frame_buffer
+                        .offset(offset as isize)
+                        .write_volatile(vga_font.font_data[font_offset as usize]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.restore_font_registers(
+            plane_mask,
+            sequencer_memory_mode,
+            read_plane_select,
+            graphics_mode,
+            miscellaneous_graphics,
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn restore_font_registers(
+        &mut self,
+        plane_mask: u8,
+        sequencer_memory_mode: u8,
+        read_plane_select: u8,
+        graphics_mode: u8,
+        miscellaneous_graphics: u8,
+    ) {
+        self.sequencer_registers
+            .write(SequencerIndex::PlaneMask, plane_mask);
+        self.sequencer_registers
+            .write(SequencerIndex::MemoryMode, sequencer_memory_mode);
+        self.graphics_controller_registers
+            .write(GraphicsControllerIndex::ReadPlaneSelect, read_plane_select);
+        self.graphics_controller_registers
+            .write(GraphicsControllerIndex::GraphicsMode, graphics_mode);
+        self.graphics_controller_registers.write(
+            GraphicsControllerIndex::Miscellaneous,
+            miscellaneous_graphics,
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn save_font_registers(&mut self) -> (u8, u8, u8, u8, u8) {
+        (
+            self.sequencer_registers.read(SequencerIndex::PlaneMask),
+            self.sequencer_registers.read(SequencerIndex::MemoryMode),
+            self.graphics_controller_registers
+                .read(GraphicsControllerIndex::ReadPlaneSelect),
+            self.graphics_controller_registers
+                .read(GraphicsControllerIndex::GraphicsMode),
+            self.graphics_controller_registers
+                .read(GraphicsControllerIndex::Miscellaneous),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Turns on the given `Plane` in the vga graphics card.
+    pub fn set_plane(&mut self, plane: Plane) {
+        let mut plane = u8::from(plane);
+
+        plane &= 0x3;
+
+        self.graphics_controller_registers
+            .write(GraphicsControllerIndex::ReadPlaneSelect, plane);
+        self.sequencer_registers
+            .write(SequencerIndex::PlaneMask, 0x1 << plane);
+    }
+
+    fn set_registers(&mut self, configuration: &VgaConfiguration) {
+        let emulation_mode = self.get_emulation_mode();
+
+        // Set miscellaneous output
+        self.general_registers
+            .write_msr(configuration.miscellaneous_output);
+
+        // Set the sequencer registers.
+        for (index, value) in configuration.sequencer_registers {
+            self.sequencer_registers.write(*index, *value);
+        }
+
+        // Unlock the crtc registers.
+        self.unlock_crtc_registers(emulation_mode);
+
+        // Set the crtc registers.
+        for (index, value) in configuration.crtc_controller_registers {
+            self.crtc_controller_registers
+                .write(emulation_mode, *index, *value);
+        }
+
+        // Set the grx registers.
+        for (index, value) in configuration.graphics_controller_registers {
+            self.graphics_controller_registers.write(*index, *value);
+        }
+
+        // Blank the screen so the palette registers are unlocked.
+        self.attribute_controller_registers
+            .blank_screen(emulation_mode);
+
+        // Set the arx registers.
+        for (index, value) in configuration.attribute_controller_registers {
+            self.attribute_controller_registers
+                .write(emulation_mode, *index, *value);
+        }
+
+        // Unblank the screen so the palette registers are locked.
+        self.attribute_controller_registers
+            .unblank_screen(emulation_mode);
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the video card to Mode 40x25.
+    fn set_video_mode_40x25(&mut self) {
+        self.set_registers(&MODE_40X25_CONFIGURATION);
+        self.load_font(&TEXT_8X16_FONT);
+        self.most_recent_video_mode = Some(VideoMode::Mode40x25);
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the video card to Mode 40x50.
+    fn set_video_mode_40x50(&mut self) {
+        self.set_registers(&MODE_40X50_CONFIGURATION);
+        self.load_font(&TEXT_8X8_FONT);
+        self.most_recent_video_mode = Some(VideoMode::Mode40x50);
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the video card to Mode 80x25.
+    fn set_video_mode_80x25(&mut self) {
+        self.set_registers(&MODE_80X25_CONFIGURATION);
+        self.load_font(&TEXT_8X16_FONT);
+        self.most_recent_video_mode = Some(VideoMode::Mode80x25);
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the video card to Mode 640x480x16.
+    fn set_video_mode_640x480x16(&mut self) {
+        self.set_registers(&MODE_640X480X16_CONFIGURATION);
+        self.most_recent_video_mode = Some(VideoMode::Mode640x480x16);
+    }
+
+    /// Unlocks the CRTC registers by setting bit 7 to 0 `(value & 0x7F)`.
+    ///
+    /// `Protect Registers [0:7]`: Note that the ability to write to Bit 4 of the Overflow Register (CR07)
+    /// is not affected by this bit (i.e., bit 4 of the Overflow Register is always writeable).
+    ///
+    /// 0 = Enable writes to registers `CR[00:07]`
+    ///
+    /// 1 = Disable writes to registers `CR[00:07]`
+    fn unlock_crtc_registers(&mut self, emulation_mode: EmulationMode) {
+        // Setting bit 7 to 1 used to be required for `VGA`, but says it's
+        // ignored in modern hardware. Setting it to 1 just to be safe for older
+        // hardware. More information can be found here
+        // https://01.org/sites/default/files/documentation/intel-gfx-prm-osrc-hsw-display.pdf
+        // under `CR03 - Horizontal Blanking End Register`.
+        let horizontal_blanking_end = self
+            .crtc_controller_registers
+            .read(emulation_mode, CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalBlankingEnd);
+        self.crtc_controller_registers.write(
+            emulation_mode,
+            CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalBlankingEnd,
+            horizontal_blanking_end | 0x80,
+        );
+
+        let vertical_sync_end = self
+            .crtc_controller_registers
+            .read(emulation_mode, CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalSyncEnd);
+        self.crtc_controller_registers.write(
+            emulation_mode,
+            CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalSyncEnd,
+            vertical_sync_end & 0x7F,
+        );
+    }
+}

src/vga_colors.rs

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+//! Common color structures used in vga.
+
+/// Represents a 16 bit color used for vga display.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum Color16Bit {
+    /// Represents the color `Black (0x0)`.
+    Black = 0x0,
+    /// Represents the color `Blue (0x1)`.
+    Blue = 0x1,
+    /// Represents the color `Green (0x2)`.
+    Green = 0x2,
+    /// Represents the color `Cyan (0x3)`.
+    Cyan = 0x3,
+    /// Represents the color `Red (0x4)`.
+    Red = 0x4,
+    /// Represents the color `Magenta (0x5)`.
+    Magenta = 0x5,
+    /// Represents the color `Brown (0x6)`.
+    Brown = 0x6,
+    /// Represents the color `LightGrey (0x7)`.
+    LightGrey = 0x7,
+    /// Represents the color `DarkGrey (0x8)`.
+    DarkGrey = 0x8,
+    /// Represents the color `LightBlue (0x9)`.
+    LightBlue = 0x9,
+    /// Represents the color `LightGreen (0xA)`.
+    LightGreen = 0xA,
+    /// Represents the color `LightCyan (0xB)`.
+    LightCyan = 0xB,
+    /// Represents the color `LightRed (0xC)`.
+    LightRed = 0xC,
+    /// Represents the color `Pink (0xD)`.
+    Pink = 0xD,
+    /// Represents the color `Yellow (0xE)`.
+    Yellow = 0xE,
+    /// Represents the color `White (0xF)`.
+    White = 0xF,
+}
+
+/// Represents a color for vga text modes.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct TextModeColor(u8);
+
+impl TextModeColor {
+    /// Returns a new `TextModeColor` given the specified `foreground`
+    /// and `background` color.
+    pub const fn new(foreground: Color16Bit, background: Color16Bit) -> TextModeColor {
+        TextModeColor((background as u8) << 4 | (foreground as u8))
+    }
+}

src/vga_configurations.rs

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+use super::vga_registers::{
+    AttributeControllerIndex, CrtcControllerIndex, GraphicsControllerIndex, SequencerIndex,
+};
+
+/// Represents a set of vga registers for a given mode.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct VgaConfiguration {
+    pub miscellaneous_output: u8,
+    pub sequencer_registers: &'static [(SequencerIndex, u8)],
+    pub crtc_controller_registers: &'static [(CrtcControllerIndex, u8)],
+    pub graphics_controller_registers: &'static [(GraphicsControllerIndex, u8)],
+    pub attribute_controller_registers: &'static [(AttributeControllerIndex, u8)],
+}
+
+/// Register values for Vga mode 40x25 Text.
+pub const MODE_40X25_CONFIGURATION: VgaConfiguration = VgaConfiguration {
+    // Configuration values acquired from https://www.singlix.com/trdos/archive/vga/Graphics%20in%20pmode.pdf
+    miscellaneous_output: 0x67,
+    sequencer_registers: &[
+        (SequencerIndex::SequencerReset, 0x03),
+        (SequencerIndex::ClockingMode, 0x08),
+        (SequencerIndex::PlaneMask, 0x03),
+        (SequencerIndex::CharacterFont, 0x00),
+        (SequencerIndex::MemoryMode, 0x02),
+    ],
+    crtc_controller_registers: &[
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalTotal, 0x2D),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalDisplayEnableEnd, 0x27),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalBlankingStart, 0x28),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalBlankingEnd, 0x90),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalSyncStart, 0x2B),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalSyncEnd, 0xA0),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VeritcalTotal, 0xBF),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::Overflow, 0x1F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::PresetRowScan, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::MaximumScanLine, 0x4F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorStart, 0x0A),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorEnd, 0x20),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::StartAddressHigh, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::StartAddressLow, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorLocationHigh, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorLocationLow, 0xA0),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalSyncStart, 0x9C),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalSyncEnd, 0x8E),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalDisplayEnableEnd, 0x8F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::Offset, 0x14),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::UnderlineLocationRegister, 0x1F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalBlankingStart, 0x96),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalBlankingEnd, 0xB9),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::ModeControl, 0xA3),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::LineCompare, 0xFF),
+    ],
+    graphics_controller_registers: &[
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::SetReset, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::EnableSetReset, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::ColorCompare, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::DataRotate, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::ReadPlaneSelect, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::GraphicsMode, 0x10),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::Miscellaneous, 0x0E),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::ColorDontCare, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::BitMask, 0xFF),
+    ],
+    attribute_controller_registers: &[
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister0, 0x00),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister1, 0x01),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister2, 0x02),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister3, 0x03),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister4, 0x04),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister5, 0x05),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister6, 0x14),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister7, 0x07),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister8, 0x38),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister9, 0x39),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterA, 0x3A),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterB, 0x3B),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterC, 0x3C),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterD, 0x3D),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterE, 0x3E),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterF, 0x3F),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::ModeControl, 0x0C),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::OverscanColor, 0x00),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::MemoryPlaneEnable, 0x0F),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::HorizontalPixelPanning, 0x08),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::ColorSelect, 0x00),
+    ],
+};
+
+/// Register values for Vga mode 40x50 Text.
+pub const MODE_40X50_CONFIGURATION: VgaConfiguration = VgaConfiguration {
+    // Configuration values acquired from https://www.singlix.com/trdos/archive/vga/Graphics%20in%20pmode.pdf
+    miscellaneous_output: 0x67,
+    sequencer_registers: &[
+        (SequencerIndex::SequencerReset, 0x03),
+        (SequencerIndex::ClockingMode, 0x08),
+        (SequencerIndex::PlaneMask, 0x03),
+        (SequencerIndex::CharacterFont, 0x00),
+        (SequencerIndex::MemoryMode, 0x02),
+    ],
+    crtc_controller_registers: &[
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalTotal, 0x2D),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalDisplayEnableEnd, 0x27),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalBlankingStart, 0x28),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalBlankingEnd, 0x90),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalSyncStart, 0x2B),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalSyncEnd, 0xA0),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VeritcalTotal, 0xBF),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::Overflow, 0x1F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::PresetRowScan, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::MaximumScanLine, 0x47),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorStart, 0x0A),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorEnd, 0x20),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::StartAddressHigh, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::StartAddressLow, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorLocationHigh, 0x04),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorLocationLow, 0x60),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalSyncStart, 0x9C),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalSyncEnd, 0x8E),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalDisplayEnableEnd, 0x8F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::Offset, 0x14),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::UnderlineLocationRegister, 0x1F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalBlankingStart, 0x96),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalBlankingEnd, 0xB9),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::ModeControl, 0xA3),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::LineCompare, 0xFF),
+    ],
+    graphics_controller_registers: &[
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::SetReset, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::EnableSetReset, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::ColorCompare, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::DataRotate, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::ReadPlaneSelect, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::GraphicsMode, 0x10),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::Miscellaneous, 0x0E),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::ColorDontCare, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::BitMask, 0xFF),
+    ],
+    attribute_controller_registers: &[
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister0, 0x00),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister1, 0x01),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister2, 0x02),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister3, 0x03),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister4, 0x04),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister5, 0x05),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister6, 0x14),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister7, 0x07),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister8, 0x38),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister9, 0x39),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterA, 0x3A),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterB, 0x3B),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterC, 0x3C),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterD, 0x3D),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterE, 0x3E),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterF, 0x3F),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::ModeControl, 0x0C),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::OverscanColor, 0x00),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::MemoryPlaneEnable, 0x0F),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::HorizontalPixelPanning, 0x08),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::ColorSelect, 0x00),
+    ],
+};
+
+/// Register values for Vga mode 80x25 Text.
+pub const MODE_80X25_CONFIGURATION: VgaConfiguration = VgaConfiguration {
+    // Configuration values acquired from https://www.singlix.com/trdos/archive/vga/Graphics%20in%20pmode.pdf
+    miscellaneous_output: 0x67,
+    sequencer_registers: &[
+        (SequencerIndex::SequencerReset, 0x03),
+        (SequencerIndex::ClockingMode, 0x00),
+        (SequencerIndex::PlaneMask, 0x03),
+        (SequencerIndex::CharacterFont, 0x00),
+        (SequencerIndex::MemoryMode, 0x02),
+    ],
+    crtc_controller_registers: &[
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalTotal, 0x5F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalDisplayEnableEnd, 0x4F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalBlankingStart, 0x50),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalBlankingEnd, 0x82),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalSyncStart, 0x55),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalSyncEnd, 0x81),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VeritcalTotal, 0xBF),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::Overflow, 0x1F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::PresetRowScan, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::MaximumScanLine, 0x4F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorStart, 0x0D),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorEnd, 0x0E),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::StartAddressHigh, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::StartAddressLow, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorLocationHigh, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorLocationLow, 0x50),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalSyncStart, 0x9C),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalSyncEnd, 0x0E),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalDisplayEnableEnd, 0x8F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::Offset, 0x28),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::UnderlineLocationRegister, 0x1F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalBlankingStart, 0x96),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalBlankingEnd, 0xB9),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::ModeControl, 0xA3),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::LineCompare, 0xFF),
+    ],
+    graphics_controller_registers: &[
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::SetReset, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::EnableSetReset, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::ColorCompare, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::DataRotate, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::ReadPlaneSelect, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::GraphicsMode, 0x10),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::Miscellaneous, 0x0E),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::ColorDontCare, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::BitMask, 0xFF),
+    ],
+    attribute_controller_registers: &[
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister0, 0x00),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister1, 0x01),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister2, 0x02),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister3, 0x03),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister4, 0x04),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister5, 0x05),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister6, 0x14),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister7, 0x07),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister8, 0x38),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister9, 0x39),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterA, 0x3A),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterB, 0x3B),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterC, 0x3C),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterD, 0x3D),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterE, 0x3E),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterF, 0x3F),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::ModeControl, 0x0C),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::OverscanColor, 0x00),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::MemoryPlaneEnable, 0x0F),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::HorizontalPixelPanning, 0x08),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::ColorSelect, 0x00),
+    ],
+};
+
+/// Register values for Vga mode 640x480x16 Graphics.
+pub const MODE_640X480X16_CONFIGURATION: VgaConfiguration = VgaConfiguration {
+    // Configuration values acquired from https://www.singlix.com/trdos/archive/vga/Graphics%20in%20pmode.pdf
+    // and https://forum.osdev.org/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=20137&hilit=640x480x16
+    miscellaneous_output: 0xE3,
+    sequencer_registers: &[
+        (SequencerIndex::SequencerReset, 0x03),
+        (SequencerIndex::ClockingMode, 0x01),
+        (SequencerIndex::PlaneMask, 0x08),
+        (SequencerIndex::CharacterFont, 0x00),
+        (SequencerIndex::MemoryMode, 0x06),
+    ],
+    crtc_controller_registers: &[
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalTotal, 0x5F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalDisplayEnableEnd, 0x4F),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalBlankingStart, 0x50),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalBlankingEnd, 0x82),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalSyncStart, 0x54),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::HorizontalSyncEnd, 0x80),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VeritcalTotal, 0x0B),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::Overflow, 0x3E),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::PresetRowScan, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::MaximumScanLine, 0x40),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorStart, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorEnd, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::StartAddressHigh, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::StartAddressLow, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorLocationHigh, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::TextCursorLocationLow, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalSyncStart, 0xEA),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalSyncEnd, 0x0C),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalDisplayEnableEnd, 0xDF),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::Offset, 0x28),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::UnderlineLocationRegister, 0x00),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalBlankingStart, 0xE7),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::VerticalBlankingEnd, 0x04),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::ModeControl, 0xE3),
+        (CrtcControllerIndex::LineCompare, 0xFF),
+    ],
+    graphics_controller_registers: &[
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::SetReset, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::EnableSetReset, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::ColorCompare, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::DataRotate, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::ReadPlaneSelect, 0x03),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::GraphicsMode, 0x00),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::Miscellaneous, 0x05),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::ColorDontCare, 0x0F),
+        (GraphicsControllerIndex::BitMask, 0xFF),
+    ],
+    attribute_controller_registers: &[
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister0, 0x00),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister1, 0x01),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister2, 0x02),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister3, 0x03),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister4, 0x04),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister5, 0x05),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister6, 0x14),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister7, 0x07),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister8, 0x38),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegister9, 0x39),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterA, 0x3A),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterB, 0x3B),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterC, 0x3C),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterD, 0x3D),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterE, 0x3E),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::PaletteRegisterF, 0x3F),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::ModeControl, 0x01),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::OverscanColor, 0x00),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::MemoryPlaneEnable, 0x0F),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::HorizontalPixelPanning, 0x00),
+        (AttributeControllerIndex::ColorSelect, 0x00),
+    ],
+};

src/vga_fonts.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+/// Represents a font to be used for text mode.
+pub struct VgaFont {
+    pub characters: u16,
+    pub character_height: u16,
+    pub font_data: &'static [u8],
+}
+
+/// Standard 8x8 character font.
+pub const TEXT_8X8_FONT: VgaFont = VgaFont {
+    characters: 256,
+    character_height: 8,
+    // Font data acquired from https://www.singlix.com/trdos/archive/vga/Graphics%20in%20pmode.pdf
+    font_data: &[
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7E, 0x81, 0xA5, 0x81, 0xBD, 0x99, 0x81,
+        0x7E, 0x7E, 0xFF, 0xDB, 0xFF, 0xC3, 0xE7, 0xFF, 0x7E, 0x6C, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0x7C, 0x38,
+        0x10, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x7C, 0xFE, 0x7C, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x38, 0x7C, 0x38, 0xFE, 0xFE,
+        0x92, 0x10, 0x7C, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x7C, 0xFE, 0x7C, 0x38, 0x7C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3C,
+        0x3C, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xE7, 0xC3, 0xC3, 0xE7, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x3C, 0x66,
+        0x42, 0x42, 0x66, 0x3C, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xC3, 0x99, 0xBD, 0xBD, 0x99, 0xC3, 0xFF, 0x0F, 0x07,
+        0x0F, 0x7D, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x3C, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3C, 0x18, 0x7E, 0x18, 0x3F,
+        0x33, 0x3F, 0x30, 0x30, 0x70, 0xF0, 0xE0, 0x7F, 0x63, 0x7F, 0x63, 0x63, 0x67, 0xE6, 0xC0,
+        0x99, 0x5A, 0x3C, 0xE7, 0xE7, 0x3C, 0x5A, 0x99, 0x80, 0xE0, 0xF8, 0xFE, 0xF8, 0xE0, 0x80,
+        0x00, 0x02, 0x0E, 0x3E, 0xFE, 0x3E, 0x0E, 0x02, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x7E, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7E,
+        0x3C, 0x18, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x66, 0x00, 0x7F, 0xDB, 0xDB, 0x7B, 0x1B,
+        0x1B, 0x1B, 0x00, 0x3E, 0x63, 0x38, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x38, 0x86, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x7E, 0x7E, 0x7E, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x7E, 0x18, 0x7E, 0x3C, 0x18, 0xFF, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x7E,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7E, 0x3C, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18,
+        0x0C, 0xFE, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x60, 0xFE, 0x60, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x24, 0x66, 0xFF, 0x66, 0x24, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x7E, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x7E, 0x3C, 0x18, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00,
+        0x18, 0x00, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0xFE, 0x6C, 0xFE,
+        0x6C, 0x6C, 0x00, 0x18, 0x7E, 0xC0, 0x7C, 0x06, 0xFC, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC6, 0xCC, 0x18,
+        0x30, 0x66, 0xC6, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6C, 0x38, 0x76, 0xDC, 0xCC, 0x76, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x60,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x60, 0x30,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x3C, 0xFF, 0x3C, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x7E, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x30,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x00, 0x06, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x00, 0x7C, 0xCE, 0xDE, 0xF6, 0xE6, 0xC6,
+        0x7C, 0x00, 0x30, 0x70, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0x0C, 0x38, 0x60,
+        0xCC, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0x0C, 0x38, 0x0C, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00, 0x1C, 0x3C, 0x6C, 0xCC,
+        0xFE, 0x0C, 0x1E, 0x00, 0xFC, 0xC0, 0xF8, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00, 0x38, 0x60, 0xC0,
+        0xF8, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00, 0xFC, 0xCC, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC,
+        0xCC, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x7C, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x30,
+        0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xC0, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7E, 0x00, 0x7E, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0x3C, 0x66, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00,
+        0x18, 0x00, 0x7C, 0xC6, 0xDE, 0xDE, 0xDC, 0xC0, 0x7C, 0x00, 0x30, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xFC,
+        0xCC, 0xCC, 0x00, 0xFC, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7C, 0x66, 0x66, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x3C, 0x66, 0xC0, 0xC0,
+        0xC0, 0x66, 0x3C, 0x00, 0xF8, 0x6C, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x6C, 0xF8, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x62, 0x68,
+        0x78, 0x68, 0x62, 0xFE, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x62, 0x68, 0x78, 0x68, 0x60, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x3C, 0x66,
+        0xC0, 0xC0, 0xCE, 0x66, 0x3A, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xFC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x00, 0x78,
+        0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00, 0x1E, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00,
+        0xE6, 0x66, 0x6C, 0x78, 0x6C, 0x66, 0xE6, 0x00, 0xF0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x62, 0x66, 0xFE,
+        0x00, 0xC6, 0xEE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xD6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0x00, 0xC6, 0xE6, 0xF6, 0xDE, 0xCE, 0xC6,
+        0xC6, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6C, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0x6C, 0x38, 0x00, 0xFC, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7C, 0x60,
+        0x60, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x7C, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xD6, 0x7C, 0x0E, 0x00, 0xFC, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7C,
+        0x6C, 0x66, 0xE6, 0x00, 0x7C, 0xC6, 0xE0, 0x78, 0x0E, 0xC6, 0x7C, 0x00, 0xFC, 0xB4, 0x30,
+        0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xFC, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xCC,
+        0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x30, 0x00, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xD6, 0xFE, 0x6C, 0x00, 0xC6,
+        0xC6, 0x6C, 0x38, 0x6C, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00,
+        0xFE, 0xC6, 0x8C, 0x18, 0x32, 0x66, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x78, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x78,
+        0x00, 0xC0, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0C, 0x06, 0x02, 0x00, 0x78, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x78, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6C, 0xC6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x30, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0C,
+        0x7C, 0xCC, 0x76, 0x00, 0xE0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x7C, 0x66, 0x66, 0xDC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78,
+        0xCC, 0xC0, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00, 0x1C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x7C, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x78, 0xCC, 0xFC, 0xC0, 0x78, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6C, 0x64, 0xF0, 0x60, 0x60, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x76, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x7C, 0x0C, 0xF8, 0xE0, 0x60, 0x6C, 0x76, 0x66, 0x66, 0xE6, 0x00,
+        0x30, 0x00, 0x70, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x00, 0x1C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0xCC, 0xCC,
+        0x78, 0xE0, 0x60, 0x66, 0x6C, 0x78, 0x6C, 0xE6, 0x00, 0x70, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30,
+        0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xD6, 0xD6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xB8, 0xCC, 0xCC,
+        0xCC, 0xCC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xDC, 0x66,
+        0x66, 0x7C, 0x60, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x7C, 0x0C, 0x1E, 0x00, 0x00, 0xDC,
+        0x76, 0x62, 0x60, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7C, 0xC0, 0x70, 0x1C, 0xF8, 0x00, 0x10, 0x30,
+        0xFC, 0x30, 0x30, 0x34, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xD6, 0xFE, 0x6C, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0xC6, 0x6C, 0x38, 0x6C, 0xC6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x7C, 0x0C,
+        0xF8, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFC, 0x98, 0x30, 0x64, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x1C, 0x30, 0x30, 0xE0, 0x30, 0x30,
+        0x1C, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0xE0, 0x30, 0x30, 0x1C, 0x30,
+        0x30, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x76, 0xDC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6C,
+        0xC6, 0xC6, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x7C, 0xC6, 0xC0, 0xC6, 0x7C, 0x0C, 0x06, 0x7C, 0x00, 0xCC, 0x00,
+        0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x76, 0x00, 0x1C, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xFC, 0xC0, 0x78, 0x00, 0x7E, 0x81,
+        0x3C, 0x06, 0x3E, 0x66, 0x3B, 0x00, 0xCC, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0C, 0x7C, 0xCC, 0x76, 0x00, 0xE0,
+        0x00, 0x78, 0x0C, 0x7C, 0xCC, 0x76, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x0C, 0x7C, 0xCC, 0x76, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x7C, 0xC6, 0xC0, 0x78, 0x0C, 0x38, 0x7E, 0x81, 0x3C, 0x66, 0x7E, 0x60, 0x3C,
+        0x00, 0xCC, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xFC, 0xC0, 0x78, 0x00, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xFC, 0xC0,
+        0x78, 0x00, 0xCC, 0x00, 0x70, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00, 0x7C, 0x82, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x3C, 0x00, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x70, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00, 0xC6, 0x10, 0x7C, 0xC6,
+        0xFE, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xFC, 0xCC, 0x00, 0x1C, 0x00, 0xFC,
+        0x60, 0x78, 0x60, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7F, 0x0C, 0x7F, 0xCC, 0x7F, 0x00, 0x3E, 0x6C,
+        0xCC, 0xFE, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCE, 0x00, 0x78, 0x84, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0xCC, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00,
+        0x78, 0x84, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0xE0, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x76,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0xCC, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x7C, 0x0C, 0xF8, 0xC3, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3C,
+        0x18, 0x00, 0xCC, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7E, 0xC0, 0xC0,
+        0x7E, 0x18, 0x18, 0x38, 0x6C, 0x64, 0xF0, 0x60, 0xE6, 0xFC, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x30,
+        0xFC, 0x30, 0xFC, 0x30, 0xF8, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xFA, 0xC6, 0xCF, 0xC6, 0xC3, 0x0E, 0x1B, 0x18,
+        0x3C, 0x18, 0x18, 0xD8, 0x70, 0x1C, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0C, 0x7C, 0xCC, 0x76, 0x00, 0x38, 0x00,
+        0x70, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1C, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x1C, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0xF8, 0x00, 0xB8, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x00,
+        0xFC, 0x00, 0xCC, 0xEC, 0xFC, 0xDC, 0xCC, 0x00, 0x3C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x3E, 0x00, 0x7E, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x38, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x38, 0x00, 0x7C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x30, 0x66,
+        0x3C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFC, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFC, 0x0C,
+        0x0C, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC6, 0xCC, 0xD8, 0x36, 0x6B, 0xC2, 0x84, 0x0F, 0xC3, 0xC6, 0xCC, 0xDB,
+        0x37, 0x6D, 0xCF, 0x03, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x33, 0x66,
+        0xCC, 0x66, 0x33, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xCC, 0x66, 0x33, 0x66, 0xCC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x22, 0x88,
+        0x22, 0x88, 0x22, 0x88, 0x22, 0x88, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0xDB,
+        0xF6, 0xDB, 0x6F, 0xDB, 0x7E, 0xD7, 0xED, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xF8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xF8, 0x18, 0xF8, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xF6, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0xF8, 0x18, 0xF8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x36, 0x36, 0xF6, 0x06, 0xF6,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x06,
+        0xF6, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xF6, 0x06, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0xF8, 0x18, 0xF8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0xF8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xFF, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x37, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x37, 0x30, 0x3F,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3F, 0x30, 0x37, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xF7, 0x00,
+        0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xF7, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x37,
+        0x30, 0x37, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x36,
+        0xF7, 0x00, 0xF7, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x18, 0x18, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x3F, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3F, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xFF,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x18, 0x18, 0xFF, 0x18, 0xFF, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0xF8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
+        0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xF0, 0xF0,
+        0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0xFF,
+        0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xDC, 0xC8, 0xDC, 0x76, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xF8, 0xCC, 0xF8, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0x00, 0xFC, 0xCC, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xC0,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x00, 0xFC, 0xCC, 0x60, 0x30, 0x60, 0xCC,
+        0xFC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7E, 0xD8, 0xD8, 0xD8, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66,
+        0x7C, 0x60, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x76, 0xDC, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0xFC, 0x30, 0x78, 0xCC,
+        0xCC, 0x78, 0x30, 0xFC, 0x38, 0x6C, 0xC6, 0xFE, 0xC6, 0x6C, 0x38, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6C, 0xC6,
+        0xC6, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0xEE, 0x00, 0x1C, 0x30, 0x18, 0x7C, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x7E, 0xDB, 0xDB, 0x7E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x0C, 0x7E, 0xDB, 0xDB, 0x7E, 0x60, 0xC0, 0x38,
+        0x60, 0xC0, 0xF8, 0xC0, 0x60, 0x38, 0x00, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x7E, 0x00, 0x7E, 0x00, 0x7E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7E, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x7E,
+        0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00,
+        0xFC, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x1B, 0x1B, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0xD8, 0xD8, 0x70, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x7E, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xDC, 0x00,
+        0x76, 0xDC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x0C,
+        0x0C, 0x0C, 0xEC, 0x6C, 0x3C, 0x1C, 0x58, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70,
+        0x98, 0x30, 0x60, 0xF8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    ],
+};
+
+/// Standard 8x16 character font.
+pub const TEXT_8X16_FONT: VgaFont = VgaFont {
+    characters: 256,
+    character_height: 16,
+    // Font data acquired from https://www.singlix.com/trdos/archive/vga/Graphics%20in%20pmode.pdf
+    font_data: &[
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7E, 0x81, 0xA5, 0x81, 0x81, 0xBD, 0x99, 0x81, 0x81, 0x7E, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7E, 0xFF, 0xDB, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xC3, 0xE7, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x7E, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6C, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0x7C, 0x38, 0x10,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x7C, 0xFE, 0x7C, 0x38, 0x10,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0xE7, 0xE7, 0xE7, 0x99,
+        0x18, 0x3C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x7E, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x7E,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3C,
+        0x3C, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xE7,
+        0xC3, 0xC3, 0xE7, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3C,
+        0x66, 0x42, 0x42, 0x66, 0x3C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
+        0xC3, 0x99, 0xBD, 0xBD, 0x99, 0xC3, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1E, 0x0E,
+        0x1A, 0x32, 0x78, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3C,
+        0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3C, 0x18, 0x7E, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x3F, 0x33, 0x3F, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x70, 0xF0, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x7F, 0x63, 0x7F, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x67, 0xE7, 0xE6, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0xDB, 0x3C, 0xE7, 0x3C, 0xDB, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xC0, 0xE0, 0xF0, 0xF8, 0xFE, 0xF8, 0xF0, 0xE0, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x06, 0x0E, 0x1E, 0x3E, 0xFE, 0x3E, 0x1E, 0x0E, 0x06, 0x02, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x7E, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7E, 0x3C, 0x18,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x66,
+        0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7F, 0xDB, 0xDB, 0xDB, 0x7B, 0x1B, 0x1B, 0x1B,
+        0x1B, 0x1B, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7C, 0xC6, 0x60, 0x38, 0x6C, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0x6C,
+        0x38, 0x0C, 0xC6, 0x7C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x7E, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x7E, 0x3C, 0x18, 0x7E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x7E, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7E, 0x3C, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x18, 0x0C, 0xFE, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x60, 0xFE, 0x60, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x28, 0x6C, 0xFE, 0x6C, 0x28, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x38, 0x7C, 0x7C, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0x7C, 0x7C, 0x38, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x24, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0xFE, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0xFE,
+        0x6C, 0x6C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7C, 0xC6, 0xC2, 0xC0, 0x7C, 0x06, 0x86,
+        0xC6, 0x7C, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC2, 0xC6, 0x0C, 0x18,
+        0x30, 0x60, 0xC6, 0x86, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x38, 0x76,
+        0xDC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30,
+        0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x18,
+        0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x3C, 0xFF, 0x3C, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7E, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x06, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7C, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xCE, 0xD6, 0xD6, 0xE6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0x7C,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x38, 0x78, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x7E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7C, 0xC6, 0x06, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xC0,
+        0xC6, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7C, 0xC6, 0x06, 0x06, 0x3C, 0x06, 0x06,
+        0x06, 0xC6, 0x7C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x1C, 0x3C, 0x6C, 0xCC, 0xFE,
+        0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x1E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xFC,
+        0x0E, 0x06, 0x06, 0xC6, 0x7C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x60, 0xC0, 0xC0,
+        0xFC, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0x7C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0xC6, 0x06,
+        0x06, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7C, 0xC6,
+        0xC6, 0xC6, 0x7C, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0x7C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7C,
+        0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0x7E, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x0C, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0C, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0C, 0x06, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00,
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+        0xCC, 0x66, 0x33, 0x66, 0xCC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44,
+        0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x11, 0x44, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55,
+        0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0xDD, 0x77,
+        0xDD, 0x77, 0xDD, 0x77, 0xDD, 0x77, 0xDD, 0x77, 0xDD, 0x77, 0xDD, 0x77, 0xDD, 0x77, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xF8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xF8, 0x18, 0xF8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xF6, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xF8, 0x18, 0xF8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xF6, 0x06, 0xF6, 0x36, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x06, 0xF6,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xF6, 0x06,
+        0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0xF8, 0x18, 0xF8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xF8, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xFF, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x37, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x37, 0x30, 0x3F, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3F, 0x30, 0x37, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xF7, 0x00, 0xFF,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00,
+        0xF7, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x37,
+        0x30, 0x37, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0xF7, 0x00, 0xF7, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x3F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0x18, 0x1F, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3F, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0xFF, 0x36, 0x36,
+        0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xFF, 0x18, 0xFF, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xF8,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x1F, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
+        0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0,
+        0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0xF0, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F,
+        0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0x0F, 0xFF, 0xFF,
+        0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xDC, 0xD8, 0xD8, 0xD8, 0xDC, 0x76, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFC, 0xC6, 0xFC, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xFC, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0xFE, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0xC6, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xC6, 0xFE,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7E, 0xD8, 0xD8, 0xD8, 0xD8, 0xD8,
+        0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7C,
+        0x60, 0x60, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xDC, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7E, 0x18, 0x3C, 0x66, 0x66,
+        0x66, 0x3C, 0x18, 0x7E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6C, 0xC6, 0xC6,
+        0xFE, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0x6C, 0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6C, 0xC6, 0xC6,
+        0xC6, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0xEE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1E, 0x30, 0x18,
+        0x0C, 0x3E, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x7E, 0xDB, 0xDB, 0xDB, 0x7E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x03, 0x06, 0x7E, 0xCF, 0xDB, 0xF3, 0x7E, 0x60, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x1C, 0x30, 0x60, 0x60, 0x7C, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x30, 0x1C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x7C, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0xC6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7E, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0C, 0x06, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x7E, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0C, 0x00, 0x7E,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x1B, 0x1B, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0xD8, 0xD8,
+        0xD8, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x7E, 0x00,
+        0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xDC, 0x00,
+        0x76, 0xDC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x38, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x0C, 0x0C,
+        0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0xEC, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x3C, 0x1C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xD8, 0x6C,
+        0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70,
+        0x98, 0x30, 0x60, 0xC8, 0xF8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7C, 0x7C, 0x7C, 0x7C, 0x7C, 0x7C, 0x7C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        0x00,
+    ],
+};

src/vga_registers.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+use x86_64::instructions::port::{Port, PortReadOnly, PortWriteOnly};
+
+const ST00_READ_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3C2;
+const ST01_READ_CGA_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3DA;
+const ST01_READ_MDA_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3BA;
+const FCR_READ_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3CA;
+const FCR_CGA_WRITE_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3DA;
+const FCR_MDA_WRITE_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3BA;
+const MSR_READ_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3CC;
+const MSR_WRITE_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3C2;
+
+const SRX_INDEX_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3C4;
+const SRX_DATA_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3C5;
+
+const GRX_INDEX_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3CE;
+const GRX_DATA_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3CF;
+
+const ARX_INDEX_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3C0;
+const ARX_DATA_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3C1;
+
+const CRX_INDEX_CGA_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3D4;
+const CRX_INDEX_MDA_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3B4;
+const CRX_DATA_CGA_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3D5;
+const CRX_DATA_MDA_ADDRESS: u16 = 0x3B5;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum EmulationMode {
+    Mda = 0x0,
+    Cga = 0x1,
+}
+
+impl From<u8> for EmulationMode {
+    fn from(value: u8) -> EmulationMode {
+        match value {
+            0x0 => EmulationMode::Mda,
+            0x1 => EmulationMode::Cga,
+            _ => panic!("{} is an invalid emulation mode", value),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum SequencerIndex {
+    SequencerReset = 0x0,
+    ClockingMode = 0x1,
+    PlaneMask = 0x2,
+    CharacterFont = 0x3,
+    MemoryMode = 0x4,
+    CounterReset = 0x7,
+}
+
+impl From<SequencerIndex> for u8 {
+    fn from(value: SequencerIndex) -> u8 {
+        value as u8
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum GraphicsControllerIndex {
+    SetReset = 0x0,
+    EnableSetReset = 0x1,
+    ColorCompare = 0x2,
+    DataRotate = 0x3,
+    ReadPlaneSelect = 0x4,
+    GraphicsMode = 0x5,
+    Miscellaneous = 0x6,
+    ColorDontCare = 0x7,
+    BitMask = 0x8,
+    AddressMapping = 0x10,
+    PageSelector = 0x11,
+    SoftwareFlags = 0x18,
+}
+
+impl From<GraphicsControllerIndex> for u8 {
+    fn from(value: GraphicsControllerIndex) -> u8 {
+        value as u8
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum AttributeControllerIndex {
+    PaletteRegister0 = 0x00,
+    PaletteRegister1 = 0x01,
+    PaletteRegister2 = 0x02,
+    PaletteRegister3 = 0x03,
+    PaletteRegister4 = 0x04,
+    PaletteRegister5 = 0x05,
+    PaletteRegister6 = 0x06,
+    PaletteRegister7 = 0x07,
+    PaletteRegister8 = 0x08,
+    PaletteRegister9 = 0x09,
+    PaletteRegisterA = 0x0A,
+    PaletteRegisterB = 0x0B,
+    PaletteRegisterC = 0x0C,
+    PaletteRegisterD = 0x0D,
+    PaletteRegisterE = 0x0E,
+    PaletteRegisterF = 0x0F,
+    ModeControl = 0x10,
+    OverscanColor = 0x11,
+    MemoryPlaneEnable = 0x12,
+    HorizontalPixelPanning = 0x13,
+    ColorSelect = 0x14,
+}
+
+impl From<AttributeControllerIndex> for u8 {
+    fn from(value: AttributeControllerIndex) -> u8 {
+        value as u8
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum CrtcControllerIndex {
+    HorizontalTotal = 0x00,
+    HorizontalDisplayEnableEnd = 0x01,
+    HorizontalBlankingStart = 0x02,
+    HorizontalBlankingEnd = 0x03,
+    HorizontalSyncStart = 0x04,
+    HorizontalSyncEnd = 0x05,
+    VeritcalTotal = 0x06,
+    Overflow = 0x07,
+    PresetRowScan = 0x08,
+    MaximumScanLine = 0x09,
+    TextCursorStart = 0x0A,
+    TextCursorEnd = 0x0B,
+    StartAddressHigh = 0x0C,
+    StartAddressLow = 0x0D,
+    TextCursorLocationHigh = 0x0E,
+    TextCursorLocationLow = 0x0F,
+    VerticalSyncStart = 0x10,
+    VerticalSyncEnd = 0x11,
+    VerticalDisplayEnableEnd = 0x12,
+    Offset = 0x13,
+    UnderlineLocationRegister = 0x14,
+    VerticalBlankingStart = 0x15,
+    VerticalBlankingEnd = 0x16,
+    ModeControl = 0x17,
+    LineCompare = 0x18,
+    MemoryReadLatchData = 0x22,
+    ToggleStateOfAttributeController = 0x24,
+}
+
+impl From<CrtcControllerIndex> for u8 {
+    fn from(value: CrtcControllerIndex) -> u8 {
+        value as u8
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct GeneralRegisters {
+    st00_read: PortReadOnly<u8>,
+    st01_read_cga: PortReadOnly<u8>,
+    st01_read_mda: PortReadOnly<u8>,
+    fcr_read: PortReadOnly<u8>,
+    fcr_write_cga: PortWriteOnly<u8>,
+    fcr_write_mda: PortWriteOnly<u8>,
+    msr_read: PortReadOnly<u8>,
+    msr_write: PortWriteOnly<u8>,
+}
+
+impl GeneralRegisters {
+    pub fn new() -> GeneralRegisters {
+        GeneralRegisters {
+            st00_read: PortReadOnly::new(ST00_READ_ADDRESS),
+            st01_read_cga: PortReadOnly::new(ST01_READ_CGA_ADDRESS),
+            st01_read_mda: PortReadOnly::new(ST01_READ_MDA_ADDRESS),
+            fcr_read: PortReadOnly::new(FCR_READ_ADDRESS),
+            fcr_write_cga: PortWriteOnly::new(FCR_CGA_WRITE_ADDRESS),
+            fcr_write_mda: PortWriteOnly::new(FCR_MDA_WRITE_ADDRESS),
+            msr_read: PortReadOnly::new(MSR_READ_ADDRESS),
+            msr_write: PortWriteOnly::new(MSR_WRITE_ADDRESS),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_msr(&mut self) -> u8 {
+        unsafe { self.msr_read.read() }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_msr(&mut self, value: u8) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.msr_write.write(value);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SequencerRegisters {
+    srx_index: Port<u8>,
+    srx_data: Port<u8>,
+}
+
+impl SequencerRegisters {
+    pub fn new() -> SequencerRegisters {
+        SequencerRegisters {
+            srx_index: Port::new(SRX_INDEX_ADDRESS),
+            srx_data: Port::new(SRX_DATA_ADDRESS),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn read(&mut self, index: SequencerIndex) -> u8 {
+        self.set_index(index);
+        unsafe { self.srx_data.read() }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write(&mut self, index: SequencerIndex, value: u8) {
+        self.set_index(index);
+        unsafe {
+            self.srx_data.write(value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_index(&mut self, index: SequencerIndex) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.srx_index.write(u8::from(index));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct GraphicsControllerRegisters {
+    grx_index: Port<u8>,
+    grx_data: Port<u8>,
+}
+
+impl GraphicsControllerRegisters {
+    pub fn new() -> GraphicsControllerRegisters {
+        GraphicsControllerRegisters {
+            grx_index: Port::new(GRX_INDEX_ADDRESS),
+            grx_data: Port::new(GRX_DATA_ADDRESS),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn read(&mut self, index: GraphicsControllerIndex) -> u8 {
+        self.set_index(index);
+        unsafe { self.grx_data.read() }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write(&mut self, index: GraphicsControllerIndex, value: u8) {
+        self.set_index(index);
+        unsafe {
+            self.grx_data.write(value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_index(&mut self, index: GraphicsControllerIndex) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.grx_index.write(u8::from(index));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AttributeControllerRegisters {
+    arx_index: Port<u8>,
+    arx_data: Port<u8>,
+    st01_read_cga: Port<u8>,
+    st01_read_mda: Port<u8>,
+}
+
+impl AttributeControllerRegisters {
+    pub fn new() -> AttributeControllerRegisters {
+        AttributeControllerRegisters {
+            arx_index: Port::new(ARX_INDEX_ADDRESS),
+            arx_data: Port::new(ARX_DATA_ADDRESS),
+            st01_read_cga: Port::new(ST01_READ_CGA_ADDRESS),
+            st01_read_mda: Port::new(ST01_READ_MDA_ADDRESS),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write(
+        &mut self,
+        emulation_mode: EmulationMode,
+        index: AttributeControllerIndex,
+        value: u8,
+    ) {
+        self.toggle_index(emulation_mode);
+        self.set_index(index);
+        unsafe {
+            self.arx_index.write(value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_index(&mut self, index: AttributeControllerIndex) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.arx_index.write(u8::from(index));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn toggle_index(&mut self, emulation_mode: EmulationMode) {
+        let st01_read = match emulation_mode {
+            EmulationMode::Cga => &mut self.st01_read_cga,
+            EmulationMode::Mda => &mut self.st01_read_mda,
+        };
+        unsafe {
+            st01_read.read();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Video Enable. Note that In the VGA standard, this is called the "Palette Address Source" bit.
+    /// Clearing this bit will cause the VGA display data to become all 00 index values. For the default
+    /// palette, this will cause a black screen. The video timing signals continue. Another control bit will
+    /// turn video off and stop the data fetches.
+    ///
+    /// 0 = Disable. Attribute controller color registers (AR[00:0F]) can be accessed by the CPU.
+    ///
+    /// 1 = Enable. Attribute controller color registers (AR[00:0F]) are inaccessible by the CPU.
+    pub fn blank_screen(&mut self, emulation_mode: EmulationMode) {
+        self.toggle_index(emulation_mode);
+        let arx_index_value = unsafe { self.arx_index.read() };
+        unsafe {
+            self.arx_index.write(arx_index_value & 0xDF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Video Enable. Note that In the VGA standard, this is called the "Palette Address Source" bit.
+    /// Clearing this bit will cause the VGA display data to become all 00 index values. For the default
+    /// palette, this will cause a black screen. The video timing signals continue. Another control bit will
+    /// turn video off and stop the data fetches.
+    ///
+    /// 0 = Disable. Attribute controller color registers (AR[00:0F]) can be accessed by the CPU.
+    ///
+    /// 1 = Enable. Attribute controller color registers (AR[00:0F]) are inaccessible by the CPU.
+    pub fn unblank_screen(&mut self, emulation_mode: EmulationMode) {
+        self.toggle_index(emulation_mode);
+        let arx_index_value = unsafe { self.arx_index.read() };
+        unsafe {
+            self.arx_index.write(arx_index_value | 0x20);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CrtcControllerRegisters {
+    crx_index_cga: Port<u8>,
+    crx_index_mda: Port<u8>,
+    crx_data_cga: Port<u8>,
+    crx_data_mda: Port<u8>,
+}
+
+impl CrtcControllerRegisters {
+    pub fn new() -> CrtcControllerRegisters {
+        CrtcControllerRegisters {
+            crx_index_cga: Port::new(CRX_INDEX_CGA_ADDRESS),
+            crx_index_mda: Port::new(CRX_INDEX_MDA_ADDRESS),
+            crx_data_cga: Port::new(CRX_DATA_CGA_ADDRESS),
+            crx_data_mda: Port::new(CRX_DATA_MDA_ADDRESS),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn read(&mut self, emulation_mode: EmulationMode, index: CrtcControllerIndex) -> u8 {
+        self.set_index(emulation_mode, index);
+        unsafe { self.get_data_port(emulation_mode).read() }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write(&mut self, emulation_mode: EmulationMode, index: CrtcControllerIndex, value: u8) {
+        self.set_index(emulation_mode, index);
+        unsafe {
+            self.get_data_port(emulation_mode).write(value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_index(&mut self, emulation_mode: EmulationMode, index: CrtcControllerIndex) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.get_index_port(emulation_mode).write(u8::from(index));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_data_port(&mut self, emulation_mode: EmulationMode) -> &mut Port<u8> {
+        match emulation_mode {
+            EmulationMode::Cga => &mut self.crx_data_cga,
+            EmulationMode::Mda => &mut self.crx_data_mda,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_index_port(&mut self, emulation_mode: EmulationMode) -> &mut Port<u8> {
+        match emulation_mode {
+            EmulationMode::Cga => &mut self.crx_index_cga,
+            EmulationMode::Mda => &mut self.crx_index_mda,
+        }
+    }
+}